[Vision2020] 12.8-Billion-Dollar ITER

[Ted Moffett]

 *Physics* <http://physics.physorg.com/> : *May 21,
2006*<http://archive.physorg.com/21/05/2006>



  *Scientists say they have cleared technical hurdle in fusion research*
*[image: General view of the model of experimental ITER (International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)] General view of the model of
experimental ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)
Physicists working in the United States believe they have cracked an
important problem facing man-made nuclear fusion, touted as the cheap, safe,
clean and almost limitless energy source of the future. *
In fusion, atomic nuclei are fused together to release energy, as opposed to
fission -- the technique used for nuclear power and atomic bombs -- where
nuclei are split.

In a fusion reactor, particles are rammed together to form a charged gas
called a plasma, contained inside a doughnut-shaped chamber called a tokamak
by powerful magnetic coils

A consortium of countries signed a deal last year to build the International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in southern France as a testbed
for an eventual commercial design.

But many experts have been shaking their heads at the many challenges facing
the ITER designers.

One of them is a phenomenon called edge localised modes, or ELMs.

These are sudden fluxes or eddies in the outer edge of the plasma that erode
the tokamak's inner wall -- a highly expensive metal skin that absorbs
neutrons emitted from the plasma.

Erosion means that the wall has to be replaced more often, which thus adds
hugely to costs. Eroded particles also have a big impact on the plasma
performance, diminishing the amount of energy it can deliver.

Writing on Sunday in the British journal Nature Physics, a team led by Todd
Evans of General Atomics, California, believes that the problematic ELMs can
be cleverly controlled.

They found that a small resonant magnetic field, derived from special coils
located inside a reactor vessel, creates "chaotic" magnetic interference on
the plasma edge, which stops the fluxes from forming.

The experiments were conducted at the General Atomics' DIII-D National
Fusion Facility, a tokamak in San Diego.

Nuclear fusion is the same process used by the Sun to radiate energy. In the
case of our star, hydrogen atoms are forced together to produce helium. On
Earth, the fusion would take place in a reactor fuelled by two istopes of
hydrogen -- deuterium and tritium -- with helium the waste product.

Deuterium is present in seawater, which makes it a virtually limitless
resource. Tritium would be derived from irradiating the plentiful element
lithium in the fusion vessel.

The 10-billion-euro (12.8-billion-dollar) ITER scheme entails building the
largest tokamak in the world at Cadarache, near the southern French city of
Marseille.

The partners are the European Union (EU), the United States, Japan, Russia,
China, India and South Korea.

It is designed to be a test bed of fusion technologies, with a construction
period of about 10 years and an operational lifespan of 20 years.

If ITER works, a prototype commercial reactor will be built, and if that
works, fusion technology will be rolled out across the world.

Other problems facing fusion technology include the challenge of creating a
self-sustaining plasma and efficiently containing the plasma so that charged
particles do not leak out.

In the various tokamaks, no one has achieved a self-sustaining fusion event
for longer than about five seconds, and at the cost of using up far more
energy than was yielded.

A huge jolt of heat, of nearly 100 million C (180 million F), is needed to
kickstart the process, which then has to be sustained by tiny amounts of
fuel pellets.

*(c) 2006 AFP*
*This news is brought to you by PhysOrg.com*

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Vision2020 Post:  Ted Moffett
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