[Vision2020] "Please do not continue to confuse people with facts."

keely emerinemix kjajmix1 at msn.com
Mon Jul 27 09:43:49 PDT 2009


I don't doubt for a moment the reality of the bodily (physical, corporeal) resurrection -- I've staked my eternal soul on it -- but don't see how that's an argument that strikes at my view that humankind is made with a soul, in the image of God.

?????????????????????????

Keely
http://keely-prevailingwinds.blogspot.com/




From: philosopher.joe at gmail.com
To: kjajmix1 at msn.com
Subject: Re: [Vision2020] "Please do not continue to confuse people with facts."
Date: Mon, 27 Jul 2009 08:13:24 -0400
CC: lockshop at pull.twcbc.com; vision2020 at moscow.com

Keely,
My views on the mind-body problem are like my views on in-door smoking in that I don't have any strong opinions either way. I am unhappy with the details of this particular law -- the 20 foot rule is just one example. That strikes me as unnecessary overkill. And it is always a bad idea to pass a law that cannot be enforced.
As for mind-body issues, I'm a true skeptic believing that knowledge one way or the other is not possible. Nor do I think that anything of importance rides on it. You might think that the immaterial soul is essential to your Christian beliefs but many would disagree. Aquinas, Leibniz, and Kant, for instance, believed in bodily resurrection. Aquinas and Kant were dualists (I think) but Leibniz was an idealist believing that everything was made up of immaterial 'atoms' he called monads. All point point to biblical support for bodily resurrection, like the fact the main indicator that Jesus rose from the dead was that his body was missing from the cave that it was placed in after his death. Again I'm no expert on this matter (I hope I'm reporting the view correctly) but one of my colleagues is working on this very issue from a Kantian perspective. If you contact me offlist, I'd be happy to send you his email address.  
Following this lead, there are many contemporary Christian philosophers who are materialists, such as Peter van Inwagen (Notre Dame) and Hud Hudson (Western Washington), who are two of the most brilliant and passionate Christians that I have met.
Frankfurt gave a talk at WSU a few years back and I had the honor of introducing him.
Best, Joe 

Sent from my iPhone
On Jul 26, 2009, at 11:25 AM, keely emerinemix <kjajmix1 at msn.com> wrote:


Interestingly enough, my son and I were just discussing Frankfurt and Singer and he's reading your response right now.  (We were discussing Frankfurt and Singer, by the way, with great charity and patience on his part, given that I knew a little of Singer but was in over my head after about three minutes).  I realize that much of what I contend about the Imago Dei and the soul is the prerogative of the religious person; I think I'm correct in believing this way, I've staked my own soul on it, but the materialist will be unconvinced until . . . well, until whatever proof would convince him appears).

Fascinating stuff, and I appreciate your response . . . a wealth of info to digest.  

As for the smoking ban -- sorry!  I'm opposed.  I believe that bar owners get to decide, and bar employees have decided.  As for the 20-foot limit outside of even the One World or Mikey's -- way wrong, and I'm not sure it's enforceable anyway.  On this one, I'm a Libertarian.

Which is the only time you're likely to ever hear me say that!

Thanks, Joe,

Keely
http://keely-prevailingwinds.blogspot.com/




Date: Sat, 25 Jul 2009 21:37:30 -0700
Subject: Re: [Vision2020] "Please do not continue to confuse people with 	facts."
From: philosopher.joe at gmail.com
To: kjajmix1 at msn.com
CC: lockshop at pull.twcbc.com; vision2020 at moscow.com

Dear Keely,
Very good questions. I don't want to give the impression that I'm an expert on personhood, for I'm not. My areas are metaphysics and epistemology, not ethics. Also, the term 'person' has a wide array of uses among philosophers. Some like Harry Frankfurt (Princeton), who writes on issues about free will, think of personhood in terms of volition, for instance, but I was speaking mainly about the use of the term in philosophical debates about death: abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc. It isn't quite right to define 'person' as a being with rights but usually it turns out (given the definition) that persons have full rights and non-persons have, at most, limited rights. So it is hard to separate our contemporary philosophical discussions of personhood from talk about rights. Lastly, there are many common sense views on personhood that I won't even mention. This is a report from the field (philosophy), so to speak.

In this context, Joel Feinberg (a former professor of mine at Arizona who has since passed away) and Peter Singer (Princeton) define 'person' (roughly) as a being with certain rational capacities. Given that definition, it turns out that not all human beings are persons since the kinds of capacities in question are not developed until age 2 or so. It also turns out that some non-humans are persons. I understand how this might sound absurd and offensive to some but it is useful in answering questions about the rights to life of various beings at various stages of development. Think of it as a term of art. An interesting article along this lines, on the abortion issue, is located here:

http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/abortion.htm
(I'm the metaphysics editor of the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, though I had nothing to do with this article. Another good source for on-line philosophical articles is the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.)

In any event, let's look more closely at the definitions that you offer below and see what consequences follow were we to adopt them. First, suppose that we define 'person' as a being with a soul. The problem with this definition is that it is not clear when the term applies or even if it ever does. Some folks are materialists, they think that no one has a soul, in which case it follows that no human beings are persons, which is even more absurd than the claim that only some of them are persons. And what about animals? Do they have souls? Again, it is not clear how we could answer that question. Thus, defining 'person' as a being with a soul is not going to help us to settle important questions like which beings do or do not have rights, like the right to life. And the same problem holds if we define 'person' as a being created in God's image. What does God look like, and who's to say? For this reason, many philosophers have searched for other definitions.

Let's consider another group: beings with "volition, awareness of self, capacity for relationship." Note first that these are three distinct criteria. Ants have the capacity for relationship -- they are social beings -- but likely not self-awareness or volition. Humans are social beings and have self-awareness but whether they genuinely have volition is a matter of debate (I think they do but I won't want to hang any substantive hat on the matter). Do dogs have volition or self-awareness? That's hard to say.

Note too that NOT ALL humans have volition, self-awareness, or the capacity for relationship. Just as with the Feinberg/Singer definition, if you define 'person' as a being with, say, self-awareness, then it is undeniable that no fetus is a person. Self-awareness is not developed until well after birth. (Note that though infants are not always persons, and thus have no rights according to Feinberg, he still thinks that it is wrong to kill an infant, or to abort a fetus after the point of viability, since the state still has an interest in the protection and development of all humans and after the point of viability the mother is no longer required for this.)

Perhaps what you meant was that a person is a being with the potential for self-awareness, etc. But this definition seems ad hoc since the only beings with the potential for all three capacities are humans. It no longer seems like a discovery that all human beings have rights, given that persons have rights, for the "fact" appears to be pre-built into the definition. Given this, the result is not surprising. And the problem is even worse if one defines 'person' as human being, for this clearly begs all of the relevant, interesting questions. That doesn't mean it isn't true but it is unhelpful.

Lastly, we have a final definition that is often used, which you also hint: 'person' is a sentient being. Again, Peter Singer's views are close to this, for while his definition of 'person' precludes many animals from the full slate of rights "the capacity for suffering" is "the vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal consideration" and moral worth <http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/singer02.htm>.

Thus, as you note, one might argue that non-human animals have rights to life and protection even if they are not persons, for they have the capacity to feel pain. Again, it is doubtful that this will help in the case of abortion, since the capacity to feel pain requires a level of self-awareness that humans are incapable of until well after birth.

In short, certainly a view like yours -- where only humans are persons but animals have rights nonetheless -- is well in the running and I did not mean to suggest otherwise. I don't have much else to say other than that, personally, I believe in the sanctity of human life -- maybe even the sanctity of life in general -- and thus I think the issue of personhood is irrelevant to any of the more interesting questions. This is a good thing since it is a struggle to find a definition of 'person' that is (a) informative, (b) non-question begging, and (c) gets the result that all humans are persons.

Best, Joe
PS This was a "fair and balanced" report on the concept of personhood from a contemporary, analytical, philosophical perspective. I report, you decide! Don't make the Crabtree mistake of thinking that just because I report an argument that I accept it.

Sent from my iPhone
On Jul 25, 2009, at 2:04 PM, keely emerinemix <kjajmix1 at msn.com> wrote:



Really?  

I'm sorry, but is the definition of "persons," in a philosophical sense, simply that they enjoy a "right-to-life"?  Isn't there an argument from necessary ontology that results in something being described as having "personhood" -- i.e., volition, awareness of self, capacity for relationship, and, of particular importance for  the religious, a soul as a creation in the imago Dei?  


I am becoming more and more convinced that, for me, and certainly for the world in an ecological sense, the eating of animals is wrong.  They're sentient beings, in my mind deserving of at least minimal safeguards to their well-being - no torture for the benefit of my mascara --  but they're not "persons."  All human beings are persons; necessarily, from an ontological, not a philosophical, perspective, all persons are human beings.  The necessary traits that define biological human beings include personhood if that biologically human being is allowed to develop, if for no other reason than her creation in the image of God.  


Most religious people I know value, in some form or another, animal life -- even if only in the service of their sustenance.  Some, myself included, believe that while animals do not possess souls -- are not created in the image of the Creator -- they will be in heaven, Eden recreated and teeming with the animals that delight God, even if not created in God's image.


Keely
http://keely-prevailingwinds.blogspot.com/




From: philosopher.joe at gmail.com

To: lockshop at pull.twcbc.com
Date: Sat, 25 Jul 2009 10:04:22 -0400
CC: vision2020 at moscow.com

Subject: Re: [Vision2020] "Please do not continue to confuse people with	facts."

I should add that if erring on the side of caution were relevant, you should be in favor of laws againts eating non-human animals. After all, some think they're persons too -- not humans but persons, things deserving of the right to life -- and who are you to say otherwise? After all, we don't want to unknowingly kill persons, do we? 


Sent from my iPhone
On Jul 24, 2009, at 3:40 PM, "the lockshop" <lockshop at pull.twcbc.com> wrote:




"He believes 
that his view that the fetus is a person trumps all other views. I believe it is 
not the kind of issue that anyone can be certain of and that the law should deal 
with knowledge, not certainty."
 
Since I believe that the fetus is a person, how 
could I not believe that it trumps all other views? Since, as you admit there is 
uncertainty, I prefer to err on the side of caution and allow a fetus to live 
rather than take a what the hell attitude and have an innocent person 
die.
 
g

  ----- Original Message ----- 
  
From: 
  Joe 
  Campbell 
  To: Wayne Price 

  Cc: the lockshop ; vision2020 at moscow.com 

  Sent: Friday, July 24, 2009 11:36 
AM
  Subject: Re: [Vision2020] "Please do not 
  continue to confuse people with facts."
  

  Wayne,
  

  I share your beliefs -- exactly. And in the past Crabtree has made fun of 
  these same beliefs, so don't expect him to respond. As in the case of Sunil's 
  questions, he'll remain silent when his inconsistencies are obvious. The 
  diiference between our views and Crabtree's is that we genuinely respect 
  freedom and think people should decide for themselves about personal, 
  religious, philosophical issues. Crabtree is only for those freedoms that 
  coincide with his own world view. He is not for freedom per se. He believes 
  that his view that the fetus is a person trumps all other views. I believe it 
  is not the kind of issue that anyone can be certain of and that the law should 
  deal with knowledge, not certainty.
  

  Joe

Sent from my iPhone
  
On Jul 24, 2009, at 2:14 PM, Wayne Price <bear at moscow.com> wrote:


  
  
    Gary,
    

    I too am stuck with this one. While I am personally anti-abortion, I am 
    still pro-choice on the matter. IF I were in a situation where the abortion 
    decision had to be made,  I would choose NOT to terminate the pregnancy 
    and put the child up for adoption. HOWEVER, I still believe that the choice 
    to be made should NOT be the governments to make but the 
    individuals. 

    
    

    

    

    

    

    Wayne
    

    

    

    

    


    
      
      Is mis-stating my position really the only 
      way you can think of to try and make a valid point?
       
      As I have said repeatedly, I believe that if 
      homosexuals can find someone who is willing to pronounce them man and man, 
      wife and wife, or man, wife, wife, or any permutation thereof then 
      swell, I wish them the best. What I am not in favor of is in my or the 
      state being forced to recognize it.
       
      With regard to the abortion issue though 
      I've really got to admit that you've got me caught on the horns of a 
      delimma. How could I not see the similarity between making a choice 
      that has a 1 in 15 chance of potentially damaging the  health of the 
      person doing the choosing and making a decision that 
      has a 100% chance of killing an innocent party?
       
      In both of your examples the decision extends 
      to others who will not be given a choice to participate. Bar patrons and 
      employess do get to make an informed choice and as a result your comments 
      seem a trifle lame.
       
      g
      
        ----- Original Message -----
        From: Joe Campbell

        To: the 
        lockshop
        Cc: TIM RIGSBY ; <starbliss at gmail.com> ; <vision2020 at moscow.com>

        Sent: Friday, July 24, 2009 9:29 
        AM
        Subject: Re: [Vision2020] "Please do not 
        continue to confuse people with facts."
        

        You don't even think that ADULTS are able to make decisions about 
        whom to marry or whether pr not to have children, so stop pretending to 
        respect a person's right to make decisions for him or 
        herself! 

Sent from my iPhone
        
On Jul 24, 2009, at 12:11 PM, "the lockshop" <lockshop at pull.twcbc.com> 
        wrote:


        
        
          
          It would seem that you, Mr. Moffet, and our city 
          council have a mighty low opinion of the intelligence of the patrons 
          and employees of bars and taverns. I can't speak for your students 
          but, I find it very difficult to believe that by the time a citizen 
          reaches the age of 21 in the United States he hasn't heard 
          the anti-smoking mantra to the point of nausea.
           
          How lucky we are that there are people out there 
          who will take it upon themselves to prevent emancipated Americans from 
          making their own decisions with regard to the risks they take in 
          life.
           
          g
          
            ----- Original Message -----
            From: TIM RIGSBY

            To: starbliss at gmail.com ; vision2020 at moscow.com

            Sent: Friday, July 24, 2009 7:47 
            AM
            Subject: Re: [Vision2020] "Please do 
            not continue to confuse people with facts."
            
I would like to add the idea of this 
            saying,

"Don't let the facts get in the way of a good 
            story."

Either way Ted, you brought up some very valid points 
            that tend to be forgotten when people discuss tobacco/smoking 
            regulation and legislation.  What scares me as a Health Teacher 
            is when I hear my junior high and high school aged students talking 
            about how safe, they think anyway, Hookah bars are.  When asked 
            if they would ever smoke cigarettes, they claim that they 
            won't.  Yet what these students don't realize is that they are 
            actually smoking tobacco at the high school hookah parties.  
            What is even scarier is a lot of the parents think that hookah is a 
            safe alternative as well.  

The hookah bar 
            closest to my house in Boise is constantly packed with young people 
            all of the time.  Often times, other substances are being laced 
            into the tobacco as well and these young people are unknowingly 
            smoking illegal drugs along with their fruit and tobacco 
            mixture.

I predict in the not so distant future, Boise and 
            possibly the State Legislature will enact legislation to 
            regulate/control these hookah establishments.

Here is a 
            question to ponder.  By definition based on Idaho Code, what is 
            a hookah bar categorized as?  A restaurant, a bar, a private 
            club?  If it falls under the bar definition, then people under 
            21 should not be allowed in.  It seems as though hookah bars 
            would fall into an undefined gray area of the Idaho Clean Indoor Air 
            Act.  However, Moscow seems to have covered hookah bars in 
            their recent ban of smoking, I could be wrong though.

" 
            'Politics is the art of controlling your environment.' That is one 
            of the key things I learned in these years, and I learned it the 
            hard way. Anybody who thinks that 'it doesn't matter who's 
            President' has never been Drafted and sent off to fight and die in a 
            vicious, stupid War on the other side of the World -- or been beaten 
            and gassed by Police for trespassing on public property -- or been 
            hounded by the IRS for purely political reasons -- or locked up in 
            the Cook County Jail with a broken nose and no phone access and 
            twelve perverts wanting to stomp your ass in the shower. That is 
            when it matters who is President or Governor or Police Chief. That 
            is when you will wish you had voted." - Hunter S. 
            Thompson





            
            Date: Thu, 23 Jul 2009 21:39:45 -0700
From: starbliss at gmail.com

To: vision2020 at moscow.com

Subject: 
            [Vision2020] "Please do not continue to confuse people with 
            facts."


            The "Off List" response referenced, from someone I regard as 
            one of the most educated and honest Vision2020 participants, 
            that I received to my post below on tobacco regulation, is in 
            total what is stated in the subject heading of this post.  Wise 
            words, no doubt, that I ignore at my own risk...
             
            Notice there is limited or no discussion of some of the 
            critical facts my post presented: that tobacco 
            (nicotine) is a physically addictive drug, with 
            underage tobacco addiction common, raising questions if whether 
            adult "choice" is in effect regarding employees or consumers in 
            tobacco related decisions; that tobacco is the leading cause of 
            premature death (nuclear waste or energy or even nuclear weapons 
            production is not even close as a cause of premature death); that 
            other drugs doing less harm to society than tobacco are criminalized 
            and prosecuted aggressively, involving civil and human rights 
            violations, yet who among those opposing regulation of 
            tobacco, will as aggressively advocate for these drugs to 
            be managed by free choice and the marketplace, rather than a 
            government "Big Brother?"  Some, perhaps... While there are 
            others who should know better playing some on this list as 
            fools, for the sake of debate, or political advantage, or popular 
            image or whatever... Or they are as deluded as those they are 
            debating with...
             
            My response to the "Off List" comment discussed 
here:
             
            Ummm... OK, I guess... However, being an idealist in belief 
            that expressing the truth is morally mandated (where did I get that 
            dangerous idea?  I''ll end up in serious trouble!  Oh, I 
            forgot, I already am...), I may not comply.  I recently read a 
            variation of this same expression in James Lovelock's "Revenge 
            of Gaia:" "Don't confuse me with the facts, my minds made up."  
            Lovelock was referring to this mentality regarding the rejection of 
            nuclear power by many in the environmental movement.
             
            Ted
  
            
            
              
              Please do not continue to confuse people with 
              facts. 
              
                
                ----- Original Message -----
                From: Ted 
                Moffett
                To: Moscow Vision 2020

                Sent: Wednesday, July 22, 
                2009 1:55 AM
                Subject: [Vision2020] Tobacco: 
                Targeting the Nation’s Leading Killer: Centers for Disease 
                Control
                
 
                Tobacco (nicotine) is a physically addictive drug.  
                Once addicted, "choice" becomes a problematic concept.  And 
                many people become addicted while underage, encouraged to 
                continue their addiction in bars, where cigarettes are 
                often shared between customers. 
                 
                The fact tobacco is physically addictive is absent from the 
                comments of many opposing the smoking ordinance, as are the 
                facts regarding the magnitude of the 
                damage.  Comparisons to other harmful behaviors 
                are drawn (fatty food, etc.), suggesting that a slippery slope 
                of regulation will lead to government control over too many 
                aspects of life, but many of these behaviors do not involve 
                a drug addiction.  Of course alcohol has dramatic negative 
                impacts.  But workers in bars are not forced to drink the 
                drinks the customers order, as they breathe the smoke 
                of the customers. 
                 
                I find it incredible that the health of workers exposed to 
                an addictive drug when they breathe in the workplace is 
                approached so callously.  They can work elsewhere, it's 
                announced with smug authority, as if in this economy workers 
                have the luxury of choosing whatever job suits their fancy, 
                rather than an urgency to take whatever work they can 
                find.  If it was cocaine or heroin or methamphetamine that 
                workers were exposed to, the attitude might be 
                different. 
                 
                Profits from exposing workers to addictive drugs in the 
                workplace should be protected based on free market, free choice, 
                adult responsibility?  If this is the logic, where are the 
                protests against laws imposed on those selling 
                cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine, et. al., to consenting 
                adults, which can result in long prison sentences?  Let the 
                free market decide!  Why stand in the way of 
                profits and the free choice of adults? 
                 
                If those opposing the smoking ordinance were consistent in 
                their outrage against limits on the free market, their ideology 
                might have more intellectual credibility.  Instead, the 
                libertarianism proposed is inconsistent and conformist.  Or 
                perhaps those opposed to the smoking ordinance will now protest 
                that bars do not allow legal cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine 
                use?  Think of the profits to be made!  And remember, 
                tobacco prematurely kills more people than those three drugs 
                combined...
                 
                If attempts were made to criminalize tobacco like cannabis 
                is, resulting in prison sentences, home invasions, for sale or 
                use, I would oppose this vehemently.  But an ordinance 
                regulating smoking in bars does not stop any adult from legally 
                using tobacco products in settings where they do not expose 
                workers.
                 
                If worker freedom of choice was a valid argument to justify 
                the exposure of workers to tobacco smoke in bars, than OSHA 
                could be mostly eliminated.  After all, if workers exposed 
                to hazards monitored or banned by OSHA don't want to work with 
                those risks, they can work elsewhere, as long as signs posted in 
                the workplace inform them of the risks.  A "Big 
                Brother" government bureaucracy gone. 
                --------------------------
                http://www.cdc.gov/NCCDPHP/publications/aag/osh.htm

                
                The Burden of Tobacco UseTobacco use is the single most 
                preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the 
                United States. Each year, an estimated 443,000 people die 
                prematurely from smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, and 
                another 8.6 million have a serious illness caused by smoking. 
                For every person who dies from smoking, 20 more people suffer 
                from at least one serious tobacco-related illness. Despite these 
                risks, approximately 43.4 million U.S. adults smoke cigarettes. 
                Smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipes also have deadly 
                consequences, including lung, larynx, esophageal, and oral 
                cancers.
The harmful effects of smoking do not end with the 
                smoker. More than 126 million nonsmoking Americans, including 
                children and adults, are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke. 
                Even brief exposure can be dangerous because nonsmokers inhale 
                many of the same carcinogens and toxins in cigarette smoke as 
                smokers. Secondhand smoke exposure causes serious disease and 
                death, including heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking 
                adults and sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory 
                infections, ear problems, and more frequent and severe asthma 
                attacks in children. Each year, primarily because of exposure to 
                secondhand smoke, an estimated 3,000 nonsmoking Americans die of 
                lung cancer, more than 46,000 (range: 22,700–69,600) die of 
                heart disease, and about 150,000–300,000 children younger than 
                18 months have lower respiratory tract infections.
Coupled 
                with this enormous health toll is the significant economic 
                burden of tobacco use—more than $96 billion per year in medical 
                expenditures and another $97 billion per year resulting from 
                lost productivity.

                

                [A text description of this graph is also available.]

                The Tobacco Use Epidemic Can Be StoppedA 2007 Institute 
                of Medicine (IOM) report presented a blueprint for action to 
                “reduce smoking so substantially that it is no longer a public 
                health problem for our nation.” The two-pronged strategy for 
                achieving this goal includes not only strengthening and fully 
                implementing currently proven tobacco control measures, but also 
                changing the regulatory landscape to permit policy innovations. 
                Foremost among the IOM recommendations is that each state should 
                fund a comprehensive tobacco control program at the level 
                recommended by CDC in Best Practices for 
                Comprehensive Tobacco Control 
                Programs–2007.
Evidence-based, statewide tobacco control 
                programs that are comprehensive, sustained, and accountable have 
                been shown to reduce smoking rates, tobacco-related deaths, and 
                diseases caused by smoking. A comprehensive program is a 
                coordinated effort to establish smoke-free policies and social 
                norms, to promote and assist tobacco users to quit, and to 
                prevent initiation of tobacco use. This approach combines 
                educational, clinical, regulatory, economic, and social 
                strategies.
Research has documented the effectiveness of laws 
                and policies to protect the public from secondhand smoke 
                exposure, promote cessation, and prevent initiation when they 
                are applied in a comprehensive way. For example, states can 
                increase the unit price of tobacco products; implement smoking 
                bans through policies, regulations, and laws; provide insurance 
                coverage of tobacco use treatment; and limit minors’ access to 
                tobacco products.
If the nation is to achieve the objectives 
                outlined in Healthy People 
                2010, comprehensive, evidence-based approaches for 
                preventing smoking initiation and increasing cessation need to 
                be fully implemented.

                CDC's ResponseCDC is the lead federal agency for 
                tobacco control. CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) 
                provides national leadership for a comprehensive, broad-based 
                approach to reducing tobacco use. A variety of government 
                agencies, professional and voluntary organizations, and academic 
                institutions have joined together to advance this approach, 
                which involves the following activities:

                
                  Preventing young people from starting to smoke.
 
                  Eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke.
 
                  Promoting quitting among young people and 
adults.
 
                  Identifying and eliminating tobacco-related health 
                  disparities.Essential elements of this approach 
                include state-based, community-based, and health system-based 
                interventions; cessation services; counter marketing; policy 
                development and implementation; surveillance; and evaluation. 
                These activities target groups who are at highest risk for 
                tobacco-related health 
                problems.
-------------------------------------------
Vision2020 
                Post: Ted 
            Moffett



            
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