[Vision2020] Pat Kraut, the Manichee

[Nick Gier]

Dear Visionaries:

Manicheanism: God and Satan are two cosmic powers fighting for the control 
of the world.  Condemned by both Protestant and Catholic authorities.  "The 
Devil made me do it" simply doesn't wash.

Orthodox Christianity: God is sovereign over his creation and everything 
happens with his permission or active participation.  For example, God 
permits and empowers Satan to destroy Job's family and herds. At chap. 42: 
11 God is identified as the one "who brought evil" upon Job.

Apparently Pat Kraut did not read my recent essay and Martin Luther's 
quote: "Since God moves and does all, we must take it that he moves and 
acts even in Satan and the godless; . . . evil things are done with God 
himself setting them in motion."

In the essay I posted (appended below) I neglected to mention that if one 
revises the orthodox view of divine power, one can avoid these implications.

By the way, Phil Nisbeth still has to point out to us where I have dumbed 
down any of my published arguments.

THE GOOD LORD JUST DONE GAVE US A WHUPPIN'!
KATRINA AS THE WRATH OF GOD?

           Protestors outside the national headquarters of the Gay, 
Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Alliance held signs such as "Thank God 
for Katrina" and "New Orleans: City of Sinners and Sodomites."

           A Mississippian interviewed on NPR just after Katrina hit 
exclaimed that "The Good Lord just done gave us a whuppin'," but the 
Governor of Texas declared that "By the grace of God we were saved."  What, 
for God's sake, is going on here?

           Why do bad things happen to good people? Why do the wicked get 
away with murder and the innocent die in disasters such as Katrina and 
September 11? Following Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson, the protestors 
above claim to have a pat answer: all of us are being punished for the sins 
of a few.  Most of us, however, are repulsed by such an outrageous and 
poisonous diagnosis.

           My first philosophy of religion textbook contained a footnote 
that showed a long term study of tornado damage in the Bible Belt.  Far 
more churches were hit than bars and houses of prostitution.  If these are 
"acts of God," what on earth is God trying to tell us?

           The problem of evil has bedeviled philosophers and theologians 
for at least three millennia.  It is most cited reason by those who do not 
believe in God.  But even most believers are not willing to admit that God 
judges us with such horrendous violence.  This makes God a moral monster.

           In Agatha Christie's Then There Were None, one of the characters 
opines that those who had been murdered were "struck down of the wrath of 
God."  Justice Wargrave was not convinced: "Providence leaves the work of 
conviction and chastisement to us mortals."  Ironically, it was Wargrave 
who planned all the murders!

           Let us see if we can actually reconcile belief in God with the 
existence of unmitigated evils. The first thing to note is that Justice 
Wargrave is a good Confucian or Stoic in holding a doctrine of General 
Providence.  In this view God presides over a world that operates by 
natural laws and in which humans govern their own affairs.  Most people 
don't realize that this is the view that Darwin held in the first edition 
of the Origin of Species.

           On the other hand, the Abrahamic religions--Judaism, 
Christianity, and Islam-- believe in Special Providence.  This means that 
God chooses particular prophets or saviors that embody divine authority, 
and then God intervenes in history as an expression of divine will and 
judgment.

           Philosophers make a distinction between moral evils and natural 
evils.  The first is the result of humans choosing to do good or evil.  For 
orthodox Christians the prototypical moral evil was Adam and Eve's choice 
to disobey God in the Garden of Eden.  All the other evil in the world 
started with this fatal decision.

         Natural or physical evil is defined as that which is not the 
result of any human will: disease (both physical and mental) and natural 
disasters.  In a theology in which God is all powerful, it can only be God 
who wills these conditions and events to happen.

         Even though some Christian legislators in Oklahoma tried to change 
the language of their insurance law, calling natural disasters "acts of 
God" is correct Christian theology.  The Oklahoma law makers, however, 
recognized the logical implication of such a view: it made God responsible 
for what all of us would call evil acts.

         I suspect that the Oklahoma legislators really wanted to say that 
Satan causes all the evil in the world.  But this is the heresy of 
Manicheanism, a view that compromises God's power by holding that there is 
another cosmic power that is the source of evil.

         Following the Book of Job, where it is clear that Satan operates 
only with the permission and delegated power of God, Christian theologians 
have consistently declared that even Satan is empowered by God. Martin 
Luther expressed the point most clearly: "Since God moves and does all, we 
must take it that he moves and acts even in Satan and the godless; . . . 
evil things are done with God himself setting them in motion." Following 
some key Old Testament passages, Luther believed that Satan was the dark 
side of God, the wrath of God.

         How do Christian theologians justify God doing evil?  Here is the 
rationale: God cannot abide the moral evils committed by humans, so God 
must show that justice must prevail.  Causing natural disasters are simply 
dramatic previews of the Last Judgment, when divine justice will finally be 
done.  If God is performing justice, then God is doing good not evil.  We 
would call a judge who let all criminals off the hook a bad judge, wouldn't we?

         Let's take a closer look at this solution to the problem of 
evil.  There is something important that has been forgotten.  When the 
theologian Augustine discussed the Fall of Adam and Eve, he made a very 
interesting concession: "our first parents fell into disobedience because 
they were already secretly corrupted." Adam and Eve were already corrupted 
because they had "deficient wills."  But who was responsible for their 
deficient wills?  They could be only if they had created themselves.  The 
only answer is that God created them finite, fragile, and corruptible.

         An engineer friend of mine was once hired by an auto insurance 
company to analyze the steel in a broken drive shaft.  He discovered that 
it was some of the cheapest steel that Chrysler could have bought for this 
crucial part of the chassis.  Now it would have been absurd for Chrysler's 
attorneys to state that the company was responsible for the positive 
elements of the steel but not its deficiencies.

         At the same time it would be unfair to demand that the steel 
manufacturer make sure that there were no deficiencies at all.  This we 
could demand solely of an omnipotent Creator.  As the exclusive 
manufacturer of all natural things, the orthodox God is fully responsible 
for the deficiencies in his products.

         I submit that General Providence is a much more coherent view if 
people are going to continue their belief in God.  (Or Christians could 
revise the concept of divine power as explained below.) The Confucians and 
Stoics also believed that God is not a Creator.  Rather, God is coeternal 
with a universe that operates according to natural laws and contains 
rational beings that freely choose their own destinies.

         Following Justice Wargrave, we are solely responsible for our own 
"convictions and chastisements." Instead of blaming God, we can focus on a 
president who refuses to admit to global warming, who appoints unqualified 
people to important offices, and who gives tax cuts to people who don't 
need them.

         Blame must also be laid at the feet of a Congress that has for 
years refused to fund necessary infrastructure repairs and 
maintenance.  Finally, Louisiana and New Orleans government officials are 
responsible for not being prepared for the big storm they knew was 
coming.  And God had nothing to do with it.

         Nick Gier taught religion and philosophy at the University of 
Idaho for 31 years.  For more on these issues see 
www.class.uidaho.edu/ngier/305/home.htm.


"The god you worship is the god you deserve."
~~ Joseph Campbell
-------------- next part --------------
An HTML attachment was scrubbed...
URL: http://mailman.fsr.com/pipermail/vision2020/attachments/20050924/d7624a7b/attachment-0001.htm