[Vision2020] American Water Works Association Study

Dick Schmidt dickschmidt@moscow.com
Fri, 19 Dec 2003 11:52:10 -0800


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                  Hi Visionaries,

                  Our water situation in Moscow has me very concerned. I =
just visited the American Water Works Association website and found =
these facts. Bill French may have passed this information on sometime in =
the past but it doesn't hurt to see what things are like again. I don't =
know if figures are available for Moscow but hope they have something =
available for comparison.

                  Dick Schmidt

                  Residential End Uses of Water Report=20
                =20
                    a.. From 1996-99, the American Water Works =
Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) spearheaded a study to =
determine how North American households utilize water around the house =
and develop models to forecast future residential water demand.=20
                    b.. Some of the study's findings include:=20
                      a.. The North American households included in this =
study use approximately 146,000 gallons annually. Of this amount, 42 =
percent (61,300 gallons) is used indoors. The remaining 58 percent =
(84,700 gallons) is used outdoors.=20

                      b.. In households not utilizing water-efficient =
fixtures, toilets used the most water on a daily basis (20.1 gallons per =
person per day). Clothes washers were the second largest water users (15 =
gallons per person per day) and showers were third (13.3 gallons per =
person day).=20

                      c.. In households that utilized water-efficient =
fixtures, Clothes washers assume the role of top water user (15 gallons =
per capita per day), followed by faucets (10.9 gallons per capita per =
day), showers (10 gallons per capita per day) and toilets (9.6 gallons =
per capita per day). NOTE: The REUWS study group did not contain a =
significant number of homes with water conserving clothes washers.=20

                      d.. The results of the study clearly debunk the =
"double flushing" theory. Low-flow, 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf) toilets =
do not require additional flushes to equal the performance of older, =
less water-efficient models. Individuals living in households with the =
1.6 gpf toilets flushed an average of 5.04 times per day. Those living =
in houses with older 3.5 gpf toilets flushed an average of 4.92 times =
per day.=20

                      e.. Other significant factors to be considered in =
forecasting a household's water usage from toilets were time of year, =
income level of household, number of teens/full-time working individuals =
in household.=20

                      f.. The most water was used between the hours of 5 =
AM and 11 AM. The least water was used from 11 PM to 5 AM.=20

                      g.. The population and age of a household =
contributed significantly to its water use patterns. The presence of =
teenagers tended to increase a household's water usage. The presence of =
adults working full-time decreased water usage.=20

                      h.. The mean peak flow observed in the homes was =
8.2 gpm and 98% of all peak flows were less than 25 gpm.=20
                    Hard copies of the AWWARF Residential End Uses of =
Water Study will be available in December. Please contact 1-800-926-7337 =
to order by phone. Additional information on the End Uses study can be =
found now on the Water Wiser Web Site.=20

                  American Water Works Association
                  Residential End Uses of Water Study
                  (REUWS)=20

                  In 14 cities, special data loggers were attached to =
the water meters in 1,188 homes. The data obtained from these devices =
allowed the researchers to separate water usage into individual end-use =
categories. A total of 6,000 households responded to a survey about =
their water use, and 12,000 households had their billing records =
incorporated into the study. The cities that participated in the study =
are:=20

                    a.. Boulder, Colorado=20
                    b.. Denver, Colorado=20
                    c.. Eugene, Oregon=20
                    d.. Seattle, Washington=20
                    e.. San Diego, California=20
                    f.. Tampa, Florida=20
                    g.. Phoenix, Arizona=20
                    h.. Tempe, Arizona=20
                    i.. Scottsdale, Arizona=20
                    j.. Cambridge, Ontario, Canada=20
                    k.. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada=20
                    l.. Las Virgenes, California=20
                    m.. Walnut Valley, California=20
                    n.. Lompoc, California=20
                =20
          =20
      =20
       =20

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                  <DIV align=3Dleft><FONT size=3D2>Hi =
Visionaries,</FONT></DIV>
                  <DIV align=3Dleft><FONT size=3D2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
                  <DIV align=3Dleft><FONT size=3D2>Our water situation =
in Moscow has=20
                  me very concerned. I just visited the American Water =
Works=20
                  Association website and found these facts. Bill French =
may=20
                  have passed this information on sometime in the past =
but it=20
                  doesn't hurt to see what things are like again. I =
don't know=20
                  if figures are available for Moscow but hope they have =

                  something available for comparison.</FONT></DIV>
                  <DIV align=3Dleft><FONT size=3D2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
                  <DIV align=3Dleft><FONT size=3D2>Dick =
Schmidt</FONT></DIV>
                  <DIV align=3Dleft><FONT size=3D2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
                  <P><FONT size=3D2><SPAN class=3DHead3>Residential End =
Uses of=20
                  Water Report</SPAN> </FONT></P></TD></TR>
              <TR>
                <TD>
                  <UL>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>From 1996-99, the American Water =
Works=20
                    Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) spearheaded =
a study=20
                    to determine how North American households utilize =
water=20
                    around the house and develop models to forecast =
future=20
                    residential water demand. </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Some of the study's findings =
include:=20
                    </FONT>
                    <UL>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>The North American households =
included in=20
                      this study use approximately 146,000 gallons =
annually. Of=20
                      this amount, 42 percent (61,300 gallons) is used =
indoors.=20
                      The remaining 58 percent (84,700 gallons) is used=20
                      outdoors. </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>In households not utilizing=20
                      water-efficient fixtures, toilets used the most =
water on a=20
                      daily basis (20.1 gallons per person per day). =
Clothes=20
                      washers were the second largest water users (15 =
gallons=20
                      per person per day) and showers were third (13.3 =
gallons=20
                      per person day). </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>In households that utilized=20
                      water-efficient fixtures, Clothes washers assume =
the role=20
                      of top water user (15 gallons per capita per day), =

                      followed by faucets (10.9 gallons per capita per =
day),=20
                      showers (10 gallons per capita per day) and =
toilets (9.6=20
                      gallons per capita per day). NOTE: The REUWS study =
group=20
                      did not contain a significant number of homes with =
water=20
                      conserving clothes washers. </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>The results of the study =
clearly debunk=20
                      the "double flushing" theory. Low-flow, 1.6 =
gallons per=20
                      flush (gpf) toilets do not require additional =
flushes to=20
                      equal the performance of older, less =
water-efficient=20
                      models. Individuals living in households with the =
1.6 gpf=20
                      toilets flushed an average of 5.04 times per day. =
Those=20
                      living in houses with older 3.5 gpf toilets =
flushed an=20
                      average of 4.92 times per day. </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>Other significant factors to be =

                      considered in forecasting a household's water =
usage from=20
                      toilets were time of year, income level of =
household,=20
                      number of teens/full-time working individuals in=20
                      household. </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>The most water was used between =
the hours=20
                      of 5 AM and 11 AM. The least water was used from =
11 PM to=20
                      5 AM. </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>The population and age of a =
household=20
                      contributed significantly to its water use =
patterns. The=20
                      presence of teenagers tended to increase a =
household's=20
                      water usage. The presence of adults working =
full-time=20
                      decreased water usage. </FONT>
                      <P></P>
                      <LI><FONT size=3D2>The mean peak flow observed in =
the homes=20
                      was 8.2 gpm and 98% of all peak flows were less =
than 25=20
                      gpm. </FONT></LI></UL>
                    <P><EM><FONT size=3D2>Hard copies of the AWWARF =
Residential=20
                    End Uses of Water Study will be available in =
December.=20
                    Please contact 1-800-926-7337 to order by phone. =
Additional=20
                    information on the End Uses study can be found now =
on=20
                    </FONT><A=20
                    href=3D"javascript:void =
window.open('http://www.waterwiser.org', 'Link', 'width=3D650, =
height=3D600, toolbar=3D1, location=3D1, directories=3D1, status=3D1, =
menuBar=3D1, scrollBars=3D1, resizable=3D1')"><FONT=20
                    size=3D2>the Water Wiser Web Site</FONT></A><FONT=20
                    size=3D2>.</FONT></EM><FONT size=3D2> =
</FONT></P></LI></UL>
                  <P><FONT size=3D2><SPAN class=3DHead3>American Water =
Works=20
                  Association<BR>Residential End Uses of Water=20
                  Study<BR>(REUWS)</SPAN> </FONT>
                  <P><FONT size=3D2>In 14 cities, special data loggers =
were=20
                  attached to the water meters in 1,188 homes. The data =
obtained=20
                  from these devices allowed the researchers to separate =
water=20
                  usage into individual end-use categories. A total of =
6,000=20
                  households responded to a survey about their water =
use, and=20
                  12,000 households had their billing records =
incorporated into=20
                  the study. The cities that participated in the study =
are:=20
                  </FONT>
                  <UL>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Boulder, Colorado </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Denver, Colorado </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Eugene, Oregon </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Seattle, Washington </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>San Diego, California </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Tampa, Florida </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Phoenix, Arizona </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Tempe, Arizona </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Scottsdale, Arizona </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Cambridge, Ontario, Canada =
</FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Waterloo, Ontario, Canada </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Las Virgenes, California </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Walnut Valley, California </FONT>
                    <LI><FONT size=3D2>Lompoc, California =
</FONT></LI></UL>
                  <UL><FONT=20
        =
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