<div dir="ltr"><div>Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett</div><div>---------------------------------------</div><div><br></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4</a><br></div><div><h1 class="gmail-tighten-line-height gmail-small-space-below">Keeping global warming within 1.5 °C constrains emergence of aridification</h1><ul class="gmail-grid gmail-grid-12 gmail-last gmail-clean-list gmail-inline-list gmail-js-list-authors gmail-text14 gmail-js-etal-collapsed"><li><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-1"><font color="#0066cc">Chang-Eui Park</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li><span><a class="gmail-icon gmail-icon-right-top gmail-icon-mail-12x9-blue gmail-pr15 gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-2"><font color="#0066cc">Su-Jong Jeong</font></a></span><span class="gmail-js-hide"> <a class="gmail-strong gmail-js-orcid gmail-js-no-scroll" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-4534"><font color="#0066cc"><span class="gmail-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-4534</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-3"><font color="#0066cc">Manoj Joshi</font></a></span><span class="gmail-js-hide"> <a class="gmail-strong gmail-js-orcid gmail-js-no-scroll" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811"><font color="#0066cc"><span class="gmail-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff2"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">2</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-4"><font color="#0066cc">Timothy J. Osborn</font></a></span><span class="gmail-js-hide"> <a class="gmail-strong gmail-js-orcid gmail-js-no-scroll" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799"><font color="#0066cc"><span class="gmail-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff2"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">2</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-5"><font color="#0066cc">Chang-Hoi Ho</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff3"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">3</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-6"><font color="#0066cc">Shilong Piao</font></a></span><span class="gmail-js-hide"> <a class="gmail-strong gmail-js-orcid gmail-js-no-scroll" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2292"><font color="#0066cc"><span class="gmail-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2292</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff4"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">4</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"><font size="2">,</font><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff5"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">5</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"><font size="2">,</font><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff6"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">6</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></span></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-7"><font color="#0066cc">Deliang Chen</font></a></span><span class="gmail-js-hide"> <a class="gmail-strong gmail-js-orcid gmail-js-no-scroll" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0288-5618"><font color="#0066cc"><span class="gmail-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-0288-5618</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff7"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">7</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-8"><font color="#0066cc">Junguo Liu</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-9"><font color="#0066cc">Hong Yang</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"><font size="2">,</font><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff9"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">9</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-10"><font color="#0066cc">Hoonyoung Park</font></a></span><span class="gmail-js-hide"> <a class="gmail-strong gmail-js-orcid gmail-js-no-scroll" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-5218"><font color="#0066cc"><span class="gmail-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-5218</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff3"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">3</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup>, </li><li class="gmail-js-smaller-author-etal"><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-11"><font color="#0066cc">Baek-Min Kim</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff10"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">10</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup> & </li><li class="gmail-js-hide gmail-js-mq480-show-inline gmail-mli gmail-mri"><a title="Show all 12 authors" class="gmail-js-etal gmail-tooltip gmail-js-tip gmail-js-no-scroll">[…]</a></li><li><span><a class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#auth-12"><font color="#0066cc">Song Feng</font></a></span><sup class="gmail-js-hide"><a tabindex="-1" class="gmail-js-no-scroll" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#Aff11"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">11</font></a><span class="gmail-hide"></span></sup></li><li class="gmail-js-hide gmail-ml10"><a class="gmail-js-etal gmail-js-no-scroll">- Show fewer authors</a></li></ul><div class="gmail-flex-box gmail-grid-12 gmail-mq480-kill-flex gmail-cleared"><div class="gmail-flex-box gmail-grid gmail-grid-6 gmail-mq480-grid-12"><ul class="gmail-flex-box-item gmail-none gmail-border-gray-medium gmail-border-left-1 gmail-text14 gmail-ma0 gmail-pa0 gmail-pl10"><li><i>Nature Climate Change</i><b> 8</b>, <span>70</span>–<span>74</span> (<span>2018</span>) </li><li><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/s41558-017-0034-4</li><li><dt class="gmail-pin-left gmail-clear-left gmail-text-gray-light gmail-pr6">Received:</dt><dd><time datetime="2017-06-21">21 June 2017</time></dd><dt class="gmail-pin-left gmail-clear-left gmail-text-gray-light gmail-pr6">Accepted:</dt><dd><time datetime="2017-11-22">22 November 2017</time></dd><dt class="gmail-pin-left gmail-clear-left gmail-text-gray-light gmail-pr6">Published online:</dt><dd><time datetime="2018-01-01">01 January 2018<span></span></time></dd></li></ul></div><p>Abstract<br></p></div></div><div><span>Aridity—the ratio of atmospheric water supply (precipitation; <i>P</i>) to demand (potential evapotranspiration; PET)—is projected to decrease (that is, areas will become drier) as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change, exacerbating land degradation and desertification<sup><a title="Collins, M. et al. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (eds Stocker, T. F. et al.) (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2013)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e704" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR1"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">1</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Huang, J., Yu, H., Guan, X., Wang, G. & Guo, R. Accelerated dryland expansion underclimate change. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 166–171 (2016)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e704_1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR2"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">2</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Feng, S. & Fu, Q. Expansion of global drylands under a warming climate. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 10081–10094 (2013)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e704_2" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR3"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">3</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Sherwood, S. & Fu, Q. A drier future? Science 343, 737–739 (2014)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e704_3" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR4"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">4</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Lin, L., Gettelman, A., Fu, Q. & Xu, Y. Simulated differences in 21st century aridity due to different scenarios of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Climatic Change
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1615-3
(2016)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e704_4" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR5"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">5</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Fu, Q., Lin, L., Huang, J., Feng, S. & Gettelman, A. Changes in terrestrial aridity for the period 850–2080 from the Community Earth System Model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 2857–2873 (2016)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e707" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR6"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">6</font></a></sup>. However, the timing of significant aridification relative to natural variability—defined here as the time of emergence for aridification (ToEA)—is unknown, despite its importance in designing and implementing mitigation policies<sup><a title="Mahlstein, I., Knutti, R., Solomon, S. & Portmann, R. W. Early onset of significant local warming in low latitude countries. Environ. Res. Lett. 6, 034009 (2011)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e711" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR7"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">7</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Hawkins, E. & Sutton, R. The potential to narrow uncertainty in projections of regional precipitation change. Clim. Dyn. 37, 407–418 (2011)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e711_1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR8"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">8</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="Hawkins, E. & Sutton, R. Time of emergence of climate signals. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L01702 (2012)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e711_2" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR9"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">9</font></a><font size="2">,</font><a title="King, A. D. et al. The timing of anthropogenic emergence in simulated climate extremes. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 094015 (2015)." id="gmail-ref-link-section-d134e714" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4#ref-CR10"><font color="#0066cc" size="2">10</font></a></sup>. Here we estimate ToEA from projections of 27 global climate models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and in doing so, identify where emergence occurs before global mean warming reaches 1.5 °C and 2 °C above the pre-industrial level. On the basis of the ensemble median ToEA for each grid cell, aridification emerges over 32% (RCP4.5) and 24% (RCP8.5) of the total land surface before the ensemble median of global mean temperature change reaches 2 °C in each scenario. Moreover, ToEA is avoided in about two-thirds of the above regions if the maximum global warming level is limited to 1.5 °C. Early action for accomplishing the 1.5 °C temperature goal can therefore markedly reduce the likelihood that large regions will face substantial aridification and related impacts.<span></span></span></div></div>