<div dir="ltr"><div><div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Nov 13, 2016 at 3:07 PM, Scott Dredge <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:scooterd408@hotmail.com" target="_blank">scooterd408@hotmail.com</a>></span> wrote:</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div></div><div><strong>"V2020 doesn't handle discourse very well which is pretty much why there is rarely a healthy debate in this forum if any debate whatsoever."</strong></div><div><br></div><div>And earlier: </div><div><br></div><div><strong>Scott Dredge</strong> <a title="[Vision2020] Hillary Won by 2 Million Votes! More than Gore, Nixon, Kennedy" href="mailto:vision2020%40moscow.com?Subject=Re%3A%20%5BVision2020%5D%20Hillary%20Won%20by%202%20Million%20Votes%21%20More%20than%20Gore%2C%0A%20Nixon%2C%20Kennedy&In-Reply-To=%3CCY1PR20MB0426AC739A20ACEFB5CBF9DBE4BD0%40CY1PR20MB0426.namprd20.prod.outlook.com%3E"><font color="#000080">scooterd408 at hotmail.com </font></a><br><i>Sat Nov 12 23:55:24 PST 2016</i> </div><div><strong><br></strong></div><div><strong>"If you want to get rid of the Electoral College to make it easier for your candidates to win, then follow the process to amend the Constitution."</strong></div><div>-------------------------------</div><div>To answer the second point above, eliminating the Electoral Collage is not to make it easier for a partisan bias to have control, but to avoid the social political malaise and unrest of a presidential candidate convincingly winning the popular vote, while losing the presidency. Outcomes like this are part of the reason eligible voter participation in the USA is embarrassingly low. Trump was right about one thing: the process is rigged, though in this case not against him!</div><div><br></div><div>A constitutional amendment, necessary to eliminate the Electoral College, as you must know, is nearly impossible. For one thing, it would make controlling presidential elections much harder, thus various interests who wish to manipulate the system would fight the elimination. </div><div><br></div><div><strong>But it is not impossible to argue against a mandate for a president who lost the popular vote convincingly, via pointing out the flaws in the Electoral College. Right?</strong></div><div><br></div><div>As for Vision2020, the responses to some of your assertions in this thread have been responded to in a "healthy" manner, with reasonable fact based "discourse," it seems to me, at least so far. Of course, with an open un-moderated public forum, some unhealthy "discourse" is to be expected.</div><div><br></div><div>But imagine if someone on Vision2020 wrote the following aimed at you, or me or anyone (change gender if needed) <strong>"such a nasty man," </strong>in a debate on Vision2020? </div><div><br></div><div>I seem to recall a presidential candidate debate recently... I must be dreaming... where one of the candidates proclaimed the other candidate to be <strong>"such a nasty women." </strong>Presidential candidate debates do not sink to this juvenile name calling level, do they? </div><div><br></div><div><strong>If you think there is rarely "a healthy debate in this forum if any debate whatsoever." why did you post to Vision2020?</strong></div><div>----------------------------------------</div><div>Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett<br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Nov 13, 2016 at 3:07 PM, Scott Dredge <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:scooterd408@hotmail.com" target="_blank">scooterd408@hotmail.com</a>></span> wrote:</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid">
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Yes - I am mixing apples (checks) and oranges (balances). If it's any consolation i fully support equal rights and policies to reduce greenhouse emissions. I voted for Hillary Clinton. I'm likely on your side on all issues except maybe gun control which
I oppose even as a non-gun owner. V2020 doesn't handle discourse very well which is pretty much why there is rarely a healthy debate in this forum if any debate whatsoever. I find it quite disingenuous after the fact for some on the left to be complaining
about an EC system that both parties understand extremely well. Then again, Trump bellowing non-stop that the system is rigged seemed to strike a chord with his voters, so I'm all in favor of the Dems adopting that similar strategy as well if they feel that
will help them win elections.<br>
<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25487"><span></span></div>
<div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429qtdSeparateBR" id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25599">-Scott<br>
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<div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yahoo_quoted" id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25605" style="display:block">
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25616" dir="ltr"><font id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_26075" face="Arial" size="2">
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<b><span style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b> Sunil Ramalingam <<a href="mailto:sunilramalingam@hotmail.com" target="_blank">sunilramalingam@hotmail.com</a>><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> Ron Force <<a href="mailto:ronforce@gmail.com" target="_blank">ronforce@gmail.com</a>>; Ted Moffett <<a href="mailto:starbliss@gmail.com" target="_blank">starbliss@gmail.com</a>>; Scott Dredge <<a href="mailto:scooterd408@hotmail.com" target="_blank">scooterd408@hotmail.com</a>>
<br><span>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Cc:</span></b> Moscow Vision 2020 <<a href="mailto:vision2020@moscow.com" target="_blank">vision2020@moscow.com</a>><br>
</span><b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Sunday, November 13, 2016 9:41 AM<div><div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296h5"><br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Vision2020] Hillary Won by 2 Million Votes! More than Gore, Nixon, Kennedy<br>
</div></div></font></div><div><div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296h5">
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<div>Scott,</div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25615">Surely you know you are mixing apples and oranges here:</div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25614">'<span id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1479023761854_25613">My answer is that I fully support a system that provides adequate checks and balances between the various powers in play. The EC does an exemplary job of that.
As far as the democratic process is concerned, I'm no fan of 'Majority Rule' since it results in codified bans on interracial marriages, bans on gay marriages, bans on trannies using restrooms, etc. Thankfully our system can nullify the so-called democratic
process before it cements the Tyranny of the Majority.</span>'</div>
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<div>The EC does an exemplary job giving small states <span style="line-height:115%;font-size:11pt">
disproportionate </span>influence over presidential elections. It plays no role in preventing '<span>codified bans on interracial marriages, bans on gay marriages, bans on trannies using restrooms, etc. Thankfully our system can nullify the so-called democratic
process before it cements the Tyranny of the Majority</span>.' If anything, as we will see, it can make these easier to codify. Watch the Republican majority and President have a go at these.</div>
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<div>Sunil<br clear="none">
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> <a href="mailto:vision2020-bounces@moscow.com" target="_blank">vision2020-bounces@moscow.com</a> <<a href="mailto:vision2020-bounces@moscow.com" target="_blank">vision2020-bounces@moscow.com</a><wbr>> on behalf of Scott Dredge <<a href="mailto:scooterd408@hotmail.com" target="_blank">scooterd408@hotmail.com</a>><br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, November 12, 2016 11:55 PM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> Ron Force; Ted Moffett<br clear="none">
<b>Cc:</b> Moscow Vision 2020<br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Vision2020] Hillary Won by 2 Million Votes! More than Gore, Nixon, Kennedy</font>
<div> </div>
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<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:helveticaneue,helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,lucida grande,sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_43442">If you want to get rid of the Electoral College to make it easier for your candidates to win, then follow the process to amend the Constitution. Ted posits, 'it seems incredible to defend a system
that would allow a president to be chosen based on winning 21.8% of the vote, and grants votes in some states far more weight than in other states, unless not fully supporting democratic one person one vote principles.' My answer is that I fully support a
system that provides adequate checks and balances between the various powers in play. The EC does an exemplary job of that. As far as the democratic process is concerned, I'm no fan of 'Majority Rule' since it results in codified bans on interracial marriages,
bans on gay marriages, bans on trannies using restrooms, etc. Thankfully our system can nullify the so-called democratic process before it cements the Tyranny of the Majority.</div>
<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_43535"><br clear="none">
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_43536" dir="ltr">Take heart in that in the 2018 mid-term elections, the Democrats will pick up 4 Senate seats and 30 House seats as have been the average gain over the past 21 midterm elections for the party
not occupying the White House. Each party gets 8 years controlling the White House and a staggered 8 years controlling Congress. I had fully expected that Democrats to *easily* retain the White House this year and was shocked that they had failed their normally
solid base of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania none of which, I believe, had wound up in the Republican's win column in decades. What went wrong with Hillary's messaging and right with Trumps messaging to turn all three of these states from blue to red?</div>
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<div dir="ltr">-Scott<br clear="none">
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42501" dir="ltr"><font id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42500" face="Arial" size="2"></font>
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<b><span style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b> Ron Force <<a href="mailto:ronforce@gmail.com" target="_blank">ronforce@gmail.com</a>><br clear="none">
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> Ted Moffett <<a href="mailto:starbliss@gmail.com" target="_blank">starbliss@gmail.com</a>>
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<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Cc:</span></b> Moscow Vision 2020 <<a href="mailto:vision2020@moscow.com" target="_blank">vision2020@moscow.com</a>>; Scott Dredge <<a href="mailto:scooterd408@hotmail.com" target="_blank">scooterd408@hotmail.com</a>><br clear="none">
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Saturday, November 12, 2016 8:30 PM<br clear="none">
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> Re: [Vision2020] Hillary Won by 2 Million Votes! More than Gore, Nixon, Kennedy<br clear="none">
</div>
<div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659y_msg_container" id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42521">
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42593" dir="ltr">And slavery had a lot to do with the EC:
<a id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPlnk453012" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/138631/terrible-skewed-anachronistic-electoral-college-gave-us-trump" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">
https://newrepublic.com/articl<wbr>e/138631/terrible-skewed-<wbr>anachronistic-electoral-<wbr>college-gave-us-trump</a></div>
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPImageContainer_14790586402400.2163809601883656" style="margin:auto;width:250px;height:31px;display:table;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">
<a id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPImageAnchor_14790586402490.37942048520881744" style="text-align:center;display:table-cell" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/138631/terrible-skewed-anachronistic-electoral-college-gave-us-trump" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect"><img width="250" height="31" id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPThumbnailImageID_14790586402500.1058727307183045" style="border-width: 0px; width: 250px; height: 31px; vertical-align: bottom; display: inline-block; max-height: 250px; max-width: 250px;" src="https://images.newrepublic.com/077797b2bfdb56361802d558f07742ad747580a6.jpeg?w=1109&h=140&crop=faces&fit=crop&fm=jpg"></a></div>
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<td id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659TextCell_14790586402550.32118714573882534" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;display:table-cell" rowspan="1" colspan="2">
<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPRemovePreviewContainer_14790586402550.5089088029528482"></div>
<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPTitle_14790586402560.13092130612521535" style="color:rgb(0,120,215);font-size:21px;font-weight:400">
<a id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659LPUrlAnchor_14790586402620.15122930977760973" style="text-decoration:none" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/138631/terrible-skewed-anachronistic-electoral-college-gave-us-trump" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">How the Terrible,
Skewed, Anachronistic Electoral College Gave Us Trump</a></div>
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<a href="http://newrepublic.com" target="_blank">newrepublic.com</a></div>
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Once again, a Democrat has won the popular vote but lost the election. It is time to throw out this badly outdated institution.</div>
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On Nov 13, 2016 11:45 AM, "Ted Moffett" <<a href="mailto:starbliss@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">starbliss@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none">
<blockquote class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659gmail_quote" id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42517" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid">
<div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yqt7675840819" id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yqt60742">
<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42516" dir="ltr">On Fri, Nov 11, 2016 at 1:30 PM, Scott Dredge
<span id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42597" dir="ltr"><<a id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42596" href="mailto:scooterd408@hotmail.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">scooterd408@hotmail.com</a>></span>
wrote:<br clear="none">
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This is exactly why the brilliant framers came up with the Electoral College as a check / balance of not allowing Congress to select a president (except in an Electoral College tie) and not allowing a president to be elected solely by popular vote which can
be heavily skewed by the more populous states. Hillary and company were well aware of how the system elects a president and yet they still shockingly blew Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania to a hack like Trump who didn't even have the support of his own
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42528">"... not allowing a president to be elected solely by popular vote which can be heavily skewed by the more populous states."<br clear="none">
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42628">By this logic, perhaps we should elect Idaho's governor in a manner that prevents Ada county from a "heavily skewed" impact. I've never heard any complaints that Idaho's governor is elected based
on a popular vote, one vote one person, regardless of whether they are from a heavily populated county, like Ada, or a much smaller populated county like Latah.
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<div id="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1478999325786_42629">Perhaps you are just stirring the pot here, because it seems incredible to defend a system that would allow a president to be chosen based on winning 21.8% of the vote, and grants votes in some states
far more weight than in other states, unless not fully supporting democratic one person one vote principles.<br clear="none">
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<div>Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett<br clear="none">
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<div>Text below from article at website below:<br clear="none">
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<div class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659m_8927888028656117584gmail-timestamp"><font size="4"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tyler-lewis/why-we-should-abolish-the_1_b_8961256.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ tyler-lewis/why-we-should-
abolish-the_1_b_8961256.html</a><br clear="none">
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<font size="4"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/tyler-lewis" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect"></a><span class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659m_8927888028656117584gmail-author-card__details-container">Tyler Lewis</span><br clear="none">
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<div><font size="4"><strong>3) A Person Can Become President By Winning Only 21.8% of the Popular Vote</strong><br clear="none">
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As previously stated, the Electoral College is a winner take all system. If a candidate wins the popular vote of a state by a just a single vote, he generally receives all the electoral votes of that state (excluding Maine and Nebraska). Combine this with the
fact that smaller states receive more electoral votes per person than larger states, and it becomes possible to win the presidency by winning just 21.8% of the American public’s vote.
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<div><font size="4">According to a <a href="https://www.squarefree.com/2004/11/01/winning-an-election-with-22-of-the-popular-vote/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">
study</a> done by Jesse Ruderman, “A presidential candidate could be elected with as a little as 21.8% of the popular vote by getting just over 50% of the votes in DC and each of 39 small states. This is true even when everyone votes and there are only two
candidates. In other words, a candidate could lose with 78.2% of the popular vote by getting just under 50% in small states and 100% in large states.”</font></div>
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<div><font size="4">Each person's vote should be weighted the same, unless you object somehow to fair representative democracy. The electoral college sometimes dilutes the votes of US citizens when we get an outcome like Bush v. Gore 2000, or Trump v. Hillary
2016, as this excerpt from the article further explains: <span class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659m_8927888028656117584gmail-author-card__details-container">
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<div><font size="4"><span class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659m_8927888028656117584gmail-author-card__details-container"><a class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659m_8927888028656117584gmail-author-card__details__link" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/tyler-lewis" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect"><span class="gmail-m_-6257902591096135296m_-2971648357231474429yiv9649198659m_8927888028656117584gmail-author-card__details__name"></span></a></span></font>
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<div><font size="4">As <a href="http://fairvote.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">
fairvote.org</a> explains, “For instance, each individual vote in Wyoming counts nearly four times as much in the Electoral College as each individual vote in Texas. This is because Wyoming has three (3) electoral votes for a population of 532,668 citizens
(as of 2008 Census Bureau estimates) and Texas has thirty-two (32) electoral votes for a population of almost 25 million. By dividing the population by electoral votes, we can see that Wyoming has one “elector” for every 177,556 people and Texas has one “elector”
for about every 715,499.”</font></div>
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<div><font size="4">By giving smaller states more electoral votes per person than larger states, disparity was created across the nation in regards to the significance of each citizens’ vote. With the Electoral College, the value of a vote depends on what state
a person lives in.</font></div>
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<b><span style="font-weight:bold">From:</span></b> Nicholas Gier <<a href="mailto:ngier006@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">ngier006@gmail.com</a>><br clear="none">
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">To:</span></b> vision2020 <<a href="mailto:vision2020@moscow.com" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">vision2020@moscow.com</a>>
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<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sent:</span></b> Friday, November 11, 2016 11:31 AM<br clear="none">
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Subject:</span></b> [Vision2020] Hillary Won by 2 Million Votes! More than Gore, Nixon, Kennedy<br clear="none">
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NY Times, Nov. 11</div>
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<div>Hillary Clinton didn’t just win the popular vote. She won it by a substantial margin.
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By the time all the ballots are counted, she seems likely to be ahead by more than 2 million votes and more than 1.5 percentage points, <a style="color:rgb(50,104,145);text-decoration:underline" href="http://p.nytimes.com/email/re?location=pMJKdIFVI6pehkIEQ5/wRr6MZeaebV9ey6JTj6EssbnkGPFwrHQAyyTmM3EOBy+A6iORXC/pWMs=&campaign_id=69&instance_id=86172&segment_id=98021&user_id=4a205c5a62f3a4293ec5342704c0aac0®i_id=29749741" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">according
to</a> my Times colleague Nate Cohn. She will have won by a wider percentage margin than not only Al Gore in <a style="color:rgb(50,104,145);text-decoration:underline" href="http://p.nytimes.com/email/re?location=gTrU3W/9enTENHkvqbCdzZgkiTHF9UbCDD4W0GhG39P5Eyf7TltaK0BpBJHmP9mI6/jeDZp5NGKCpVGSwJxHiepw3hduVzKff3iiQHZx7X4=&campaign_id=69&instance_id=86172&segment_id=98021&user_id=4a205c5a62f3a4293ec5342704c0aac0®i_id=29749741" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">2000</a> but
also Richard Nixon in <a style="color:rgb(50,104,145);text-decoration:underline" href="http://p.nytimes.com/email/re?location=gTrU3W/9enTENHkvqbCdzZgkiTHF9UbCDD4W0GhG39P5Eyf7TltaK0BpBJHmP9mI6PkjHcl220G0ujhkK0RiYepw3hduVzKff3iiQHZx7X4=&campaign_id=69&instance_id=86172&segment_id=98021&user_id=4a205c5a62f3a4293ec5342704c0aac0®i_id=29749741" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">1968</a> and
John F. Kennedy in <a style="color:rgb(50,104,145);text-decoration:underline" href="http://p.nytimes.com/email/re?location=gTrU3W/9enTENHkvqbCdzZgkiTHF9UbCDD4W0GhG39P5Eyf7TltaK0BpBJHmP9mI6PkjHcl220GCpVGSwJxHiepw3hduVzKff3iiQHZx7X4=&campaign_id=69&instance_id=86172&segment_id=98021&user_id=4a205c5a62f3a4293ec5342704c0aac0®i_id=29749741" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" shape="rect">1960</a>.
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“Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self- imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve
and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! ‘Have courage to use your own understand-ing!—that is the motto of enlightenment.<br clear="none">
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