<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<style id="echo-css-rules-1" type="text/css">
.echo-secondaryBackgroundColor { background-color: #F4F4F4; }.echo-trinaryBackgroundColor { background-color: #ECEFF5; }.echo-primaryColor { color: #3A3A3A; }.echo-secondaryColor { color: #C6C6C6; }.echo-primaryFont { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; }.echo-secondaryFont { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; }.echo-linkColor, .echo-linkColor a { color: #476CB8; }.echo-clickable { cursor: pointer; }.echo-relative { position: relative; }.echo-clear { clear: both; }.echo-image-container.echo-image-position-fill { text-align: center; overflow: hidden; }.echo-image-container.echo-image-position-fill img { max-width: 100%; max-height: 100%; width: auto; height: auto; vertical-align: top; }.echo-image-container.echo-image-position-fill img.echo-image-stretched-horizontally { width: 100%; height: auto; }.echo-image-container.echo-image-position-fill img.echo-
image-s
tretched-vertically { width: auto; height: 100%; }.echo-control-message { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding: 15px 0px; text-align: center; }.echo-control-message-icon { height: 16px; padding-left: 16px; background: no-repeat left center; }.echo-control-message .echo-control-message-icon { padding-left: 21px; height: auto; }.echo-control-message-info { background-image: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/information.png); }.echo-control-message-loading { background-image: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/loading.gif); }.echo-control-message-error { background-image: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/warning.gif); }
.echo-canvas-appHeader { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; }@media (min-width: 400px) {.echo-canvas-row { display: table; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%; }.echo-canvas-column { display: table-cell; vertical-align: top; }.echo-canvas-column-1-1 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-2 { width: 50%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-2 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-3 { width: 33.33333333333333%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-3 { width: 66.66666666666666%; } .echo-canvas-column-3-3 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-4 { width: 25%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-4 { width: 50%; } .echo-canvas-column-3-4 { width: 75%; } .echo-canvas-column-4-4 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-5 { width: 20%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-5 { width: 40%; } .echo-canvas-column-3-5 { width: 60%; } .echo-canvas-column-4-5 { width: 80%; } .echo-canvas-column-5-5 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-6 { width: 16.666666666666664%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-6 { width: 33.33333333333
333%; }
.echo-canvas-column-3-6 { width: 50%; } .echo-canvas-column-4-6 { width: 66.66666666666666%; } .echo-canvas-column-5-6 { width: 83.33333333333334%; } .echo-canvas-column-6-6 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-7 { width: 14.285714285714284%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-7 { width: 28.57142857142857%; } .echo-canvas-column-3-7 { width: 42.857142857142854%; } .echo-canvas-column-4-7 { width: 57.14285714285714%; } .echo-canvas-column-5-7 { width: 71.42857142857143%; } .echo-canvas-column-6-7 { width: 85.71428571428571%; } .echo-canvas-column-7-7 { width: 100%; } .echo-canvas-column-1-8 { width: 12.5%; } .echo-canvas-column-2-8 { width: 25%; } .echo-canvas-column-3-8 { width: 37.5%; } .echo-canvas-column-4-8 { width: 50%; } .echo-canvas-column-5-8 { width: 62.5%; } .echo-canvas-column-6-8 { width: 75%; } .echo-canvas-column-7-8 { width: 87.5%; } .echo-canvas-column-8-8 { width: 100%; }}
.echo-apps-conversations-streamHeader { padding: 5px 0px; position: relative; z-index: 20; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamTitle { font-size: 14px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamCounter { font-size: 14px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamingStateContainer { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 5px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", arial, sans-serif; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamingState { padding-left: 15px; float: right; font-size: 13px; color: #c6c6c6; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamingState-live { background: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/control_play.png) no-repeat left 3px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamingState-paused { background: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/control_pause.png) no-repeat left 3px; }.echo-apps-conversations-itemsWaiting { font-size: 13px; color: #c6c6c6; margin-left: 5px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter { font-size: 13px; }.echo-sdk-ui .echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter:focu
s { out
line: none; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter > ul > li > a { background: url("//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/echo2/v2/images/conversations/v1.3.8/images/marker.png") no-repeat right center; padding-right: 20px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter ul.nav { margin-bottom: 0px; font-size: 13px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter ul.nav > li > a { text-decoration: none; color: #C6C6C6; line-height: 18px; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter .dropdown-menu { float: right; left: auto; right: 0; }.echo-sdk-ui .echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter .nav .dropdown .dropdown-toggle { background-color: transparent; border-color: transparent; color: #C6C6C6; }.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter ul.nav > li > a:hover,.echo-apps-conversations-streamSorter ul.nav > li > a:focus { background-color: transparent}.echo-sdk-ui .tab-content.echo-apps-conversations-tabsContent { overflow: visible; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs { margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px; }.
echo-sdk
-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li { height: 18px; line-height: 18px; }.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li > a, .echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li > a:hover { color: #C6C6C6; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs { border: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li > a { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; padding: 0px; margin-right: 15px; border: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li.active > a,.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li.active > a:hover,.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li.active > a:focus,.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li.active > a:active { border-bottom: 0px solid #d8d8d8; outline: none; color: black; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > .active > a,.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > .active > a:focus,.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > .active > a:hover { border: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li.pull-r
ight > a
{ padding-right: 0px; margin-right: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li > a:hover, .echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs > li > a:focus { background-color: transparent; border: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .echo-apps-conversations-tabs ul.nav { margin-bottom: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .nav.echo-apps-conversations-tabs .dropdown-menu { border-radius: 6px; }.echo-apps-conversations-container .echo-control-message { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", arial, sans-serif; color: #42474A; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; }.echo-apps-conversations-container { position:relative; }.echo-apps-conversations-resizeFrame { position:absolute; z-index:-1; border:0; padding:0; }.echo-apps-conversations-container { min-height: 200px; }.echo-apps-conversations-container li > a, .echo-apps-conversations-container .echo-primaryFont,.echo-apps-conversations-container .echo-secondaryFont,.echo-apps-conversations-container .echo-linkColor { font-family: "Helvetica Neue", arial, sans-se
rif; }.e
cho-apps-conversations-postComposer { margin-bottom: 10px; }.echo-apps-conversations-topPosts > div { margin-bottom: 25px; }.echo-apps-conversations-container * { box-sizing: content-box !important; -moz-box-sizing: content-box; }.echo-apps-conversations-container ul, .echo-apps-conversations-container li { list-style: inherit; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-header { margin-bottom: 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-avatar { float: left; margin-right: -48px; width: 48px; height: 48px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fields { width: 100%; float: left; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fields input { width: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper { margin-left: 53px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-nameContainer { margin: 1px 0px 4px 0px; padding: 0px 2px 1px 3px; background-color: #fff; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-nameContainer input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-name { font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; border: none; width: 100%;}.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-name[type="text"] { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; border: none; padding: 0px; outline: 0; box-shadow: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-name[type="text"]:focus { outline: 0;
box-sh
adow: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-urlContainer { padding: 0px 2px 1px 3px; background-color: #fff; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-urlContainer input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-url { height: 19px; border: none; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px;}.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-url[type="text"] { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; border: none; padding: 0px; outline: 0; box-shadow: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-url[type="text"]:focus { outline: 0; box-shadow: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-url[type="text"].echo-secondaryColor,.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-name[type="text"].echo-secondaryColor,.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-content textarea.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-textArea.echo-secondaryColor,.echo-
streamse
rver-controls-submit-container .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataSubwrapper input.echo-secondaryColor[type="text"] { color: #C6C6C6 }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-author { font-weight: bold; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-content { padding: 5px 5px 5px 6px; background-color: #fff; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-content textarea.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-textArea { width: 100%; height: 102px; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; border: none; resize:none; box-shadow: none; outline: 0; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-content textarea.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-textArea:focus { outline: 0; box-shadow: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-text input { width: 100%; border: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataContainer { margin-top: 6px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataLabel { float: left; width: 50px; margin-right: -50px; text-align: right; line-height: 22px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataWrapper { float
: left;
width: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataSubwrapper { margin-left: 55px; padding: 2px 2px 2px 3px; background-color: #fff; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-container .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataSubwrapper input[type="text"] { width: 100%; border: 0; padding: 0px; outline: 0; box-shadow: none; margin-bottom: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-container .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataSubwrapper input[type="text"]:focus { outline: 0; box-shadow: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-controls { margin-top: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-postContainer { float: right; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-border { border: 1px solid #d2d2d2; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-mandatory { border: 1px solid red; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-queriesViewOption { padding-right: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-error { color: #444444; font: 14px Arial; line-height: 150%; padding-left: 85px; background: no-repe
at url(/
/js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/info70.png); }
.echo-sdk-ui .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim-confirmation { margin-bottom: 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-urlContainer { display: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-avatar { display: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper { margin-left: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-JanrainAuth-forcedLogin .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-header { display: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-fieldsWrapper input { font-weight: normal; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-nameContainer { padding: 3px 2px 3px 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-ta
gsConta
iner { display: none !important; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-markersContainer { display: none !important; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-content textarea.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-textArea { height: 75px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-controls { margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; border-top: 0px; background: #ffffff;}.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-container { padding: 20px 20px 20px; border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-radius: 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-header { margin-top: 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-postContainer .dropdown-menu { min-width: 100px; }.echo-streams
erver-co
ntrols-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-postButton { font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .{control.class:buttons} .dropdown { min-width: 77px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim .btn.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-CardUIShim-button { padding: 3px 12px 5px 12px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-container { float: left; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-or { font-size: 14px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-via { margin-left: 15px; color: #D3D3D3; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-name .echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-dropdown { background: url("//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/echo2/v2/images/conversations/v1.3.8/images/marker.png") no-repeat right center; padding-right: 20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-name ul.nav .dropdown .dropdown-toggle { font-size: 20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-name ul.nav { margin-bottom: 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-name ul.nav .dropdown-menu li > a { font-size: 14px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-avatar div { border-radius: 50%; background-size:cover; display:inline-block; background-position:center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-login, .{plugin.class} .echo-streamserver-control
s-cardu
iauth-signup { color: #006DCC; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-userAnonymous { margin: 0px 0px 7px 2px; text-align: left; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-userLogged { margin: 0px 0px 5px 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-name { float: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px 15px; font-weight: normal; }.class:container} { float: left; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-avatar { float: left; width: 48px; height: 48px; border-radius: 50%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-carduiauth-avatar > div { width: 48px; height: 48px; background-size:cover; display:inline-block; background-position:center; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-wrapper { padding: 15px 0px; text-align: center; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #E4E4E4; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-empty, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-loading, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-error { display: inline-block; height: 16px; padding-left: 21px; background: no-repeat left center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-empty { background-image: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/information.png); }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-loading { background-image: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/loading.gif); }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-message-error { background-image: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/warning.gif); }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-header { margin: 10px 0px 10px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-compactSta
teLayou
t { float: right; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-fullStateLayout { text-align: center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-state-picture { display: inline-block; height: 9px; width: 8px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-state-picture-paused { background: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/control_pause.png) no-repeat center center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-state-picture-live { background: url(//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/control_play.png) no-repeat center center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-state-message { margin-left: 5px; text-decoration: none; }.echo-clickable a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-state-message:hover { text-decoration: underline; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-more:hover, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-fullStateLayout:hover { background-color: #E4E4E4; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-more, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-fullStateLayout { text-align: center
; border
: solid 1px #E4E4E4; margin-top: 10px; padding: 10px; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-more .echo-app-message { padding: 0; border: none; border-radius: 0; }
.{plugin.cass} .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-more { border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-radius: 3px; }.{plugin.cass} .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-messageText { border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-radius: 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim-caption { line-height: 18px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-header { padding: 5px 0px 5px 0px; margin: 0px; font-size: 14px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-body .echo-control-message { margin: 0px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #d2d2d2; box-shadow: 0px 1px 1px #d2d2d2; border-radius: 3px; color: #c6c6c6; padding: 30px 0px 30px 0px; text-align: left;}.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-body .echo-control-message .echo-control-message-info { height: 35px; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height:
16px;
font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; background-image: url(//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/echo2/v2/images/conversations/v1.3.8/images/info.png); padding-left: 40px; width: 180px; margin: 0px auto; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-control-message-info { background: url(//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/echo2/v2/images/conversations/v1.3.8/images/info.png) no-repeat; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item { margin: 0px 0px 10px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 1px solid #d8d8d8; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-radius: 3px; background: #ffffff; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-shadow: 0 0 0; border: 0px; background: #f8f8f8; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-content { word-wrap: break-word; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-root { padding: 10px 0px 10px 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-root-thread { padding: 10px 0px 0px 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-child { padding: 10px; margin: 0px 20px 2px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-child-thread { padding: 10px; margin: 0px 20px 2px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar-wrapper { margin-right: -58px; float: left; position: relative; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar-wrapper, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-childrenByCurrentActorLive .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar-wrapper { margin-right: -34px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-subwrapper, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-childrenByCurrentActorLiv
e .echo
-streamserver-controls-stream-item-subwrapper { margin-left: 34px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-wrapper { float: left; width: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-subwrapper { margin-left: 58px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-subcontainer { float: left; width: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-markers { line-height: 16px; background: url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/curation/metadata/marker.png") no-repeat; padding: 0px 0px 4px 21px; margin-top: 7px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-tags { line-height: 16px; background: url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/tag_blue.png") no-repeat; padding: 0px 0px 4px 21px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-title { font-weight: bold; line-height: 25px; height: 25px; margin-right: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-icon { display: inline-block; padding-left: 26px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-str
eam-item
-metadata-userID { border-bottom: 1px solid #e1e1e1; border-top: 1px solid #e1e1e1;}.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-userID .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-icon { background: url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/curation/metadata/user.png") no-repeat left center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-userIP { border-bottom: 1px solid #e1e1e1; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-userIP .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata-icon { background: url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/curation/metadata/computer.png") no-repeat left center; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-modeSwitch { float: right; width: 16px; height: 16px; background:url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/curation/metadata/flip.png") no-repeat 0px 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-childrenMarker { border-color: transparent transparent #ECEFF5; bo
rder-wid
th: 0px 11px 11px; border-style: solid; margin: 3px 0px 0px 77px; height: 1px; width: 0px; display: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-root-thread .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-childrenMarker { display: block; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar { width: 48px; height: 48px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-childrenByCurrentActorLive .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar { width: 24px; height: 24px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-authorName { float: left; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-re { font-weight: bold; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-re a:link, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-re a:visited, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-re a:active { text-decoration: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-re a:hover { text-decoration: underlin
e; }.ech
o-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body { padding-top: 4px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons { float: left; margin-left: 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button { color: #C6C6C6; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button.echo-linkColor, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button:hover { color: #476CB8; text-decoration: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-sourceIcon { float: left; height: 16px; width: 16px; margin-right: 5px; border: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-date, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-from, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-via { float: left; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-from a, .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-via a { text-decoration: none; color: #C6C6C6; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-from a:hover, .echo-s
treamser
ver-controls-stream-item-via a:hover { color: #476CB8; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-tag { display: inline-block; height: 16px; background: url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/tag_blue.png") no-repeat; padding-left: 18px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-smiley-icon { border: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-textToggleTruncated { margin-left: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-blocker-backdrop { position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; background: #FFFFFF; opacity: 0.7; z-index: 100; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-blocker-message { position: absolute; z-index: 200; width: 200px; height: 20px; line-height: 20px; text-align: center; background-color: #FFFF99; border: 1px solid #C6C677; opacity: 0.7; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren { display:none; text-align: center; padding:4px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChil
dren .ec
ho-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildrenLabel { display: inline-block; padding-left: 22px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-message-icon { background: url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/whirlpool.png") no-repeat 5px 4px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-message-loading { background: no-repeat left top url("//js.washingtonpost.com/pb/resources/js/echo2/sdk/v3/images/loading.gif"); }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-app-message { padding: 0; border:none; border-radius: 0; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 { margin-left: 0px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-1 { margin-left: 68px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-2 { margin-left: 112px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-3 { margin-left: 156px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-4 { margin-left: 200px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-5 { margin-left: 244px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-6 { margin-left: 288px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-7 { margin-left: 332px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-8 { margin-left: 376px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-9 { margin-left: 420px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-10 { margin-left: 464px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-11 { margin-left: 508px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-12 { margin-left: 552px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-13 { margin-left: 596px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-14 { margin-left: 640px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-15 { margin-left: 684px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-16 { margin-left: 728px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-17 { margin-left: 772px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-18 { margin-left: 816px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-19 { margin-left: 860px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-20 { margin-left: 904px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-seeMore:before { content: ""; display: block; height: 3px; box-shadow: 0 -3px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); position: relative; top: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-seeMore { margin-top: -8px; display: none; padding: 0 0 15px 0; border-top: 1px solid #D8D8D8; text-align: center; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer; color: #C6C6C6; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-seeMore:hover { color: #262626; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-sourceIcon { float: left; margin-right: 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-sourceIcon > img { margin-top: 2px; height: 16px; width: 16px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container { position: relative; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugi
n-CardU
IShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-indicator { position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; bottom: 0px; width: 4px; background-color: transparent; z-index: 10; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body .echo-item-video { position: relative; padding-bottom: 75%; height: 0; float: none; margin: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body .echo-item-video > iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body .echo-item-video > video { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body .echo-item-video > object { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-strea
m-item-p
lugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body .echo-item-title { font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-dropdownButton { display: inline; margin-left: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-dropdownButton > .dropdown { display: inline; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-dropdownButton > .dropdown a { color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-topPostMarker { float: right; position: absolute; top: -4px; right: 15px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-wrapper { background: #ffffff; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5; bo
rder-rad
ius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 { border-radius: 2px 3px 0px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-liveUpdate .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-indicator { background-color: #f5ba47; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-trinaryBackgroundColor { background-color: #f8f8f8; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-date { float: left; color: #d3d3d3; line-height: 18px; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: normal; max-width: 100%; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar { height: 28px; width: 28px; margin-left: 3px
; }.echo
-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar div { height: 28px; width: 28px; background-size:cover; display:inline-block; background-position:center; border-radius: 50%;}.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-content { background: #f8f8f8; border-radius: 3px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons { margin-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-metadata { margin-bottom: 8px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body { padding-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; overflow: hidden; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-text { color
: #42474
A; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-authorName { float: left; color: #595959; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; max-width: 100%; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: normal; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-authorName span { padding-right: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-child { padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 0px; margin: 0px 15px 2px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-content .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container-child-thread { padding-top: 8px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-right: 0px; margin: 0px 15px 2px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShi
m .echo-
streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar-wrapper { margin-top: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-frame { margin-left: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-data { margin-top: 2px; padding-top: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-wrapper { padding-top: 0px; background: none; border: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren { padding: 15px 0px 8px 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-children .echo-strea
mserver-
controls-stream-item-expandChildren { padding: 8px 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; }.echo-sdk-ui .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a:focus { outline: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button { margin-right: 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons .dropdown .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button { margin-right: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button-delim { display: none; }.echo-sdk-ui .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-buttonIcon[class*=" icon-"] { margin-right: 4px; margin-top: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-buttonIcon { opacity: 0.3; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plug
in-CardU
IShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button.echo-linkColor,.echo-sdk-ui .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button:active,.echo-sdk-ui .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button:focus { text-decoration: none; color: #c6c6c6; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container:hover a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button { color: #262626; text-decoration: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttonCaption { vertical-align: middle; font-size: 12px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button.echo-linkColor .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUI
Shim-but
tonIcon,.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-container:hover .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-buttonIcon,.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-buttons a.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-button:hover .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-buttonIcon { opacity: 0.8; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-compactButton ul.dropdown-menu { left: -20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-date { line-height: 20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-chevron { margin-top: 0px !important; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildrenLabel { margin-right: 5px;
}.echo-
streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildrenLabel { color: #D3D3D3; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren:hover .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildrenLabel { color: #262626; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-chevron { opacity: 0.3; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren:hover .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-chevron { opacity: 0.8; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-message-icon { padding-left: 0px; background: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-i
tem-plug
in-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-expandChildren .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-message-loading { background: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-footer { padding: 8px 0px 10px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-body { padding-top: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar { height: 36px; width: 36px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar div { height: 36px; width: 36px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserve
r-contro
ls-stream-item-authorName { font-weight: normal; font-size: 17px; line-height: 18px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-subwrapper { margin-left: 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-childrenMarker { display: none; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-header-box { height: 36px; margin-right: 18px; margin-left: 45px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-header-box:before { content: ""; display: inline-block; height: 100%; vertical-align: middle; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim
.echo-s
treamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim-header-centered { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; max-width: 100%; max-width: 90%\9; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-data { padding: 7px 0px 0px 0px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-content .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 { padding: 15px 16px 0px 16px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-Edit .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-metadataContainer { display: none !important; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-Edit .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-Edit-header { line-height: 38px; margin-left: 45px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-Edit .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-body { padding: 7px 0px
0px 0px
; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-plugin-Edit .echo-streamserver-controls-submit-controls { margin-bottom: 5px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 16px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-1 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 12px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-2 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 51px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-3 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 90px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-4 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 129px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-5 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 168px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-6 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 207px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-7 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 246px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-8 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 285px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-9 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 324px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-10 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 363px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-11 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 402px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-12 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 441px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-13 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 480px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-14 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 519px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-15 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 558px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-16 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 597px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-17 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 636px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-18 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 675px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-19 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 714px; }
.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-CardUIShim .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-20 { margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 753px; }
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ediaContent { margin-bottom: 8px; }
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ugin-ModerationCardUI-actorStatus-ModeratorApproved div { height: 32px; width: 32px; border-radius: 50%;}.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-ModerationCardUI .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-ModerationCardUI-actorStatus-ModeratorBanned > div { border: 2px solid #bf383a; width: 20px; height: 20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-ModerationCardUI .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-depth-0 .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-ModerationCardUI-actorStatus-ModeratorBanned div { height: 32px; width: 32px; border-radius: 50%;}.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-ModerationCardUI .echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-avatar.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-ModerationCardUI-actorStatus-ModeratorDeleted > div { border: 2px solid #bf383a; width: 20px; height: 20px; }.echo-streamserver-controls-stream-item-plugin-Mode
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bar-thumb { background: #D2D2D2; box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); }
.echo-streamserver-controls-facepile-container { line-height: 20px; vertical-align: middle; }.echo-streamserver-controls-facepile-more { white-space: nowrap; }.echo-streamserver-controls-facepile-more.echo-linkColor a, .echo-streamserver-controls-facepile-more.echo-linkColor a:hover { color: #476CB8; text-decoration: underline; }.echo-streamserver-controls-facepile-more .echo-control-message-icon { display: inline; margin: 0px 5px; }
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<h1 itemprop="headline"
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<span class="pb-timestamp" itemprop="datePublished"
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<article itemprop="articleBody">
<p><em>I published this last year, but, given that it’s
Christmas, it seems like a good day to do it again:</em></p>
<p> </p>
<div class="inline-content inline-photo
inline-photo-normal modal-0 horizontal-photo"> <a
name="42a5254ecc"></a> <img
class="courtesy-of-the-resizer zoom-in"
src="cid:part194.03070901.06040802@moscow.com"
data-low-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_908w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/12/24/Foreign/Images/Nic6522938.jpg&w=480"
data-hi-res-src="https://img.washingtonpost.com/wp-apps/imrs.php?src=https://img.washingtonpost.com/rf/image_908w/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2015/12/24/Foreign/Images/Nic6522938.jpg&w=1484"><br>
<span class="pb-caption">The scene at Manger Square
near the Church of the Nativity, revered as the site
of Jesus’s birth, in the biblical West Bank town of
Bethlehem on Wednesday. (Musa al-Shaer/AFP via Getty
Images)</span> </div>
<p>Christmas is on Dec. 25, but it wasn’t always.</p>
<p>Dec. 25 is not the date mentioned in the Bible as the
day of Jesus’s birth; the Bible is actually silent on
the day or the time of year when Mary was said to have
given birth to him in Bethlehem. The earliest
Christians did not celebrate his birth.</p>
<p>As a result, there are <a
href="http://www.history.com/topics/christmas/history-of-christmas">a
number of</a> different <a
href="http://www.christmas-time.com/cp-hist.html">accounts</a>
as to how and when Dec. 25 became known as Jesus’s
birthday.</p>
<p>By most accounts, the birth was first thought — in
around 200 A.D. — to have taken place on Jan. 6. Why?
Nobody knows, but it may have been the result of “a
calculation based on an assumed date of crucifixion of
April 6 coupled with the ancient belief that prophets
died on the same day as their conception,” <a
href="http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/holidays/christmas.htm#sthash.HISkqYBr.dpuf">according
to religionfacts.com</a>. By the mid-fourth century,
the birthday celebration had been moved to Dec. 25.
Who made the decision? Some accounts say it was the
pope; others say it wasn’t.</p>
<p>One of the prevalent theories on why Christmas is
celebrated on Dec. 25 was spelled out in “<a
href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/84.html">The
Golden Bough</a>,” a highly influential 19th-century
comparative study of religion and mythology written by
the anthropologist James George Frazer and originally
published in 1890. (The first edition was titled “The
Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion”; the
second edition was called “The Golden Bough: A Study
in Magic and Religion.” By the third printing, in the
early 20th century, it was published in 12 volumes,
though there are abridged one-volume versions.)</p>
<p>Frazer approached the topic of religion from a
cultural — not theological — perspective, and he
linked the dating of Christmas to earlier pagan
rituals. <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/">Here’s
what the 1922 edition</a> of the “The Golden Bough”
says about the origins of Christmas, <a
href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/84.html">as
published on Bartleby.com</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="citation">
<p>An instructive relic of the long struggle is
preserved in our festival of Christmas, which the
Church seems to have borrowed directly from its
heathen rival. In the Julian calendar the
twenty-fifth of December was reckoned the winter
solstice, and it was regarded as the Nativity of the
Sun, because the day begins to lengthen and the
power of the sun to increase from that turning-point
of the year. The ritual of the nativity, as it
appears to have been celebrated in Syria and Egypt,
was remarkable. The celebrants retired into certain
inner shrines, from which at midnight they issued
with a loud cry, “The Virgin has brought forth! The
light is waxing!” The Egyptians even represented the
new-born sun by the image of an infant which on his
birthday, the winter solstice, they brought forth
and exhibited to his worshippers. No doubt the
Virgin who thus conceived and bore a son on the
twenty-fifth of December was the great Oriental
goddess whom the Semites called the Heavenly Virgin
or simply the Heavenly Goddess; in Semitic lands she
was a form of Astarte. Now Mithra was regularly
identified by his worshippers with the Sun, the
Unconquered Sun, as they called him; hence his
nativity also fell on the twenty-fifth of December.
The Gospels say nothing as to the day of Christ’s
birth, and accordingly the early Church did not
celebrate it. In time, however, the Christians of
Egypt came to regard the sixth of January as the
date of the Nativity, and the custom of
commemorating the birth of the Saviour on that day
gradually spread until by the fourth century it was
universally established in the East. But at the end
of the third or the beginning of the fourth century
the Western Church, which had never recognised the
sixth of January as the day of the Nativity, adopted
the twenty-fifth of December as the true date, and
in time its decision was accepted also by the
Eastern Church. At Antioch the change was not
introduced till about the year 375 A.D.</p>
<p>What considerations led the ecclesiastical
authorities to institute the festival of Christmas?
The motives for the innovation are stated with great
frankness by a Syrian writer, himself a Christian.
“The reason,” he tells us, “why the fathers
transferred the celebration of the sixth of January
to the twenty-fifth of December was this. It was a
custom of the heathen to celebrate on the same
twenty-fifth of December the birthday of the Sun, at
which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In
these solemnities and festivities the Christians
also took part. Accordingly when the doctors of the
Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning
to this festival, they took counsel and resolved
that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that
day and the festival of the Epiphany on the sixth of
January. Accordingly, along with this custom, the
practice has prevailed of kindling fires till the
sixth.” The heathen origin of Christmas is plainly
hinted at, if not tacitly admitted, by Augustine
when he exhorts his Christian brethren not to
celebrate that solemn day like the heathen on
account of the sun, but on account of him who made
the sun. In like manner Leo the Great rebuked the
pestilent belief that Christmas was solemnised
because of the birth of the new sun, as it was
called, and not because of the nativity of Christ.</p>
<p>Thus it appears that the Christian Church chose to
celebrate the birthday of its Founder on the
twenty-fifth of December in order to transfer the
devotion of the heathen from the Sun to him who was
called the Sun of Righteousness….</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yet an account <a
href="http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new-testament/how-december-25-became-christmas/">titled
“How December 25 Became Christmas”</a> on the
Biblical Archaeology Society’s Web site takes some
issue with this theory:</p>
<blockquote class="citation">
<p>Despite its popularity today, this theory of
Christmas’s origins has its problems. It is not
found in any ancient Christian writings, for one
thing. Christian authors of the time do note a
connection between the solstice and Jesus’ birth:
The church father Ambrose (c. 339–397), for example,
described Christ as the true sun, who outshone the
fallen gods of the old order. But early Christian
writers never hint at any recent calendrical
engineering; they clearly don’t think the date was
chosen by the church. Rather they see the
coincidence as a providential sign, as natural proof
that God had selected Jesus over the false pagan
gods.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Furthermore, it says, the first mentions of a date
for Christmas, around 200 A.D., were made at a time
when “Christians were not borrowing heavily from pagan
traditions of such an obvious character.” It was in
the 12th century, it says, that the first link between
the date of Jesus’s birth and pagan feasts was made.</p>
<p>It says in part:</p>
<blockquote class="citation">
<p>Clearly there was great uncertainty, but also a
considerable amount of interest, in dating Jesus’
birth in the late second century. By the fourth
century, however, we find references to two dates
that were widely recognized — and now also
celebrated — as Jesus’ birthday: December 25 in the
western Roman Empire and January 6 in the East
(especially in Egypt and Asia Minor). The modern
Armenian church continues to celebrate Christmas on
January 6; for most Christians, however, December 25
would prevail, while January 6 eventually came to be
known as the Feast of the Epiphany, commemorating
the arrival of the magi in Bethlehem. The period
between became the holiday season later known as the
12 days of Christmas.</p>
<p>The earliest mention of December 25 as Jesus’
birthday comes from a mid-fourth-century Roman
almanac that lists the death dates of various
Christian bishops and martyrs. The first date
listed, December 25, is marked: <em>natus Christus
in Betleem Judeae</em>: “Christ was born in
Bethlehem of Judea … ” So, almost 300 years after
Jesus was born, we finally find people observing his
birth in mid-winter.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Bottom line: Nobody knows for sure why Dec. 25 is
celebrated as Christmas.</p>
<p>—-</p>
<p>Here’s a little more history, this on the
non-religious figure of Santa Claus. According to the
St. Nicholas Center (whose Web site has a subtitle:
“Discovering the Truth About Santa Claus”), the
character known today as Santa originated with a man
named Nicholas said to have been born in the third
century A.D. in the village of Patara, then Greek and
now Turkish. It is said his parents died when he was
young and that the religious Nicholas, who was raised
by his uncle, was left a fortune. Ordained as a
priest, he used his money to help others and become a
protector of children, performing miracles to help
them. He was, the center says, persecuted by Roman
Emperor Diocletian and buried in 343 A.D. in a church,
where a substance with healing powers, called manna,
formed in his grave. The day of his death, Dec. 6,
became a day of celebration.</p>
<p>How did this man seen as a saint become Santa Claus,
the one with the red suit and white beard? The St.
Nicholas Center says Europeans honored him as a saint
over the centuries, while St. Nicholas was brought to
the New World by Columbus, who named a Haitian port
for him in 1492. According to the center:</p>
<blockquote class="citation">
<p>After the American Revolution, New Yorkers
remembered with pride their colony’s
nearly-forgotten Dutch roots. John Pintard, the
influential patriot and antiquarian who founded the
New York Historical Society in 1804, promoted St.
Nicholas as <a class="brown-text"
href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/glossary/#term49">patron
saint</a> of both society and city. In January
1809, <a class="brown-text"
href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/glossary/#term29">Washington
Irving</a> joined the society and on <a
class="brown-text"
href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/glossary/#term72">St.
Nicholas Day</a> that same year, he published the
satirical fiction, <em>Knickerbocker’s History of
New York</em>, with numerous references to a jolly
St. Nicholas character. This was not the saintly <a
class="brown-text"
href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/glossary/#term9">bishop</a>,
rather an elfin Dutch burgher with a clay pipe.
These delightful flights of imagination are the
source of the New Amsterdam St. Nicholas legends:
that the first Dutch emigrant ship had a figurehead
of St. Nicholas; that St. Nicholas Day was observed
in the colony; that the first church was dedicated
to him; and that St. Nicholas comes down chimneys to
bring gifts. Irving’s work was regarded as the
“first notable work of <em>imagination</em> in the
New World.”</p>
<p>The New York Historical Society held its first St.
Nicholas anniversary dinner on December 6, 1810.
John Pintard commissioned artist Alexander Anderson
to create the first American image of Nicholas for
the occasion. Nicholas was shown in a gift-giving
role with children’s treats in stockings hanging at
a fireplace. The accompanying poem ends, “Saint
Nicholas, my dear good friend! To serve you ever was
my end, If you will, now, me something give, I’ll
serve you ever while I live.”</p>
<p>….1821 brought some new elements with publication
of the first lithographed book in America, the <em>Children’s
Friend</em>. This “Sante Claus” arrived from the
North in a sleigh with a flying reindeer. The
anonymous poem and illustrations proved pivotal in
shifting imagery away from a saintly bishop. <em>Sante
Claus</em> fit a didactic mode, rewarding good
behavior and punishing bad, leaving a “long, black
birchen rod . . . directs a Parent’s hand to use
when virtue’s path his sons refuse.” Gifts were safe
toys, “pretty doll . . . peg-top, or a ball; no
crackers, cannons, squibs, or rockets to blow their
eyes up, or their pockets. No drums to stun their
Mother’s ear, nor swords to make their sisters fear;
but pretty books to store their mind with knowledge
of each various kind.” The sleigh itself even
sported a bookshelf for the “pretty books.” The book
also notably marked S. Claus’ first appearance on
Christmas Eve, rather than December 6th.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Then, in 1823, the poem “A Visit from St. Nicholas,”
later known as “The Night Before Christmas,” became
popular, and the modern version of the plump Santa
started to become established, what his sleigh led by
reindeer and the chimney as his delivery system. By
the 1920s, a jolly red-suited Santa was depicted in
drawings of Norman Rockwell and other illustrators,
and by the 1950s, he was portrayed as a gentle
gift-giving character. That Santa became the one kids
in the United States and other parts of the world know
today, though in many other countries, St. Nicholas —
not Santa — is still celebrated, as well.</p>
<p>Was Nicholas real? The bottom line from the Web site
on Santa:</p>
<blockquote class="citation">
<p>Some say St. Nicholas existed only in legend,
without any reliable historical record. Legends
usually do grow out of real, actual events, though
they may be embellished to make more interesting
stories. Many of the St. Nicholas stories seem to be
truth interwoven with imagination. However,
[certain] facts of the life of St. Nicholas could
contain some part of historical truth. They provide
a clear sense of his personal characteristics which
are further elaborated in other narratives.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>(You can read about <a
href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/real-person/">those
“facts” here</a> in a piece titled “Was St. Nicholas
a Real Person?”)</p>
<p>So there you have it. Some history of Christmas you
may not have known before. If you made it this far,
now you do.</p>
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