<div dir="ltr"><font face="AdvP40319B" size="6"><font face="AdvP40319B" size="6"><div align="LEFT"><font><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0081648&representation=PDF">http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0081648&representation=PDF</a></font></div><div align="LEFT"><br></div><div align="LEFT">Assessing ‘‘Dangerous Climate Change’’: Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature</div><div align="LEFT"><br></div>
</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E"></font></font><div align="LEFT"><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">James Hansen</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">1</font></font><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">*</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Pushker Kharecha</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">1,2</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Makiko Sato</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">1</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Valerie Masson-Delmotte</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">3</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Frank Ackerman</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">4 , </font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">David J. Beerling</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">5</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Paul J. Hearty</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">6</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">7</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Shi-Ling Hsu</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">8</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Camille Parmesan</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">9,10</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">,</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">
</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">Johan Rockstrom</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">11</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Eelco J. Rohling</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">12,13</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Jeffrey Sachs</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">1</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Pete Smith</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">14</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Konrad Steffen</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">15</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, </font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">Lise Van Susteren</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">16</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, Karina von Schuckmann</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">17</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E">, James C. Zachos</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">18</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1">
</font></font><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"><font face="AdvP41461E" size="1"></font></font></div><font face="AdvP41461E"><font face="AdvP41461E"><div align="LEFT"><br></div><div align="LEFT"><p align="LEFT"><font size="4"><font face="AdvP40319B"><font face="AdvP40319B">Abstract: </font></font><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">We assess climate impacts of global warming</font></font></font></p><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40"><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">using ongoing observations and paleoclimate data. We</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">use Earth’s measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">data, and simple representations of the global carbon</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">cycle and temperature to define emission reductions</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">needed to stabilize climate and avoid potentially disastrous</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">impacts on today’s young people, future generations,</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">and nature. A cumulative industrial-era limit of</font></p><font size="4">
</font></font></font><font face="AdvP7DB7"><font face="AdvP7DB7"></font></font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4"><font face="AdvP7DB7"><font face="AdvP7DB7">,</font></font><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">500 GtC fossil fuel emissions and 100 GtC storage in the</font></font></font></p><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40"><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">biosphere and soil would keep climate close to the</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">Holocene range to which humanity and other species are</font></p><font size="4">
</font></font></font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4"><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">adapted. Cumulative emissions of </font></font><font face="AdvP7DB7"><font face="AdvP7DB7">,</font></font><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">1000 GtC, sometimes</font></font></font></p><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40" size="4">
</font></font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4"><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">associated with 2</font></font><font face="AdvP44E6F4"><font face="AdvP44E6F4">u</font></font><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">C global warming, would spur ‘‘slow’’</font></font></font></p><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40" size="4">
</font></font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4"><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">feedbacks and eventual warming of 3–4</font></font><font face="AdvP44E6F4"><font face="AdvP44E6F4">u</font></font><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40">C with disastrous</font></font></font></p><font face="AdvP403A40"><font face="AdvP403A40"><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">consequences. Rapid emissions reduction is required to</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">restore Earth’s energy balance and avoid ocean heat</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">uptake that would practically guarantee irreversible</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">effects. Continuation of high fossil fuel emissions, given</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">current knowledge of the consequences, would be an act</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">of extraordinary witting intergenerational injustice. Responsible</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">policymaking requires a rising price on carbon</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">emissions that would preclude emissions from most</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">remaining coal and unconventional fossil fuels and phase</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p><font size="4">down emissions from conventional fossil fuels.</font></p></font></font></div><div align="LEFT"><font size="4"></font><br></div><div align="LEFT"><font size="4">Introduction</font></div><font size="4">
</font></font></font><font face="AdvP49811"><font face="AdvP49811"><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">Humans are now the main cause of changes of Earth’s</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">atmospheric composition and thus the drive for future climate</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">change [1]. The principal climate forcing, defined as an imposed</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">change of planetary energy balance [1–2], is increasing carbon</font></p><font size="4">
</font></font></font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4"><font face="AdvP49811"><font face="AdvP49811">dioxide (CO</font></font><font face="AdvP49811"><font face="AdvP49811">2</font></font><font face="AdvP49811"><font face="AdvP49811">) from fossil fuel emissions, much of which will</font></font></font></p><font face="AdvP49811" size="1"><font face="AdvP49811" size="1"><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">remain in the atmosphere for millennia [1,3]. The climate</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">response to this forcing and society’s response to climate change</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">are complicated by the system’s inertia, mainly due to the ocean</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">and the ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica together with the</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">long residence time of fossil fuel carbon in the climate system. The</font></p><font size="4">
</font><p><font size="4">inertia causes climate to appear </font></p><font face="AdvP49811" size="1"><p><font size="4"></font></p><font face="AdvP49811" size="1"><p><font size="4"></font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">to respond slowly to this humanmade</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">forcing, but further long-lasting responses can be locked in.</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">More than 170 nations have agreed on the need to limit fossil</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">fuel emissions to avoid dangerous human-made climate change, as</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">formalized in the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">Change [6]. However, the stark reality is that global emissions</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">have accelerated (Fig. 1) and new efforts are underway to</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">massively expand fossil fuel extraction [7–9] by drilling to</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">increasing ocean depths and into the Arctic, squeezing oil from</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">tar sands and tar shale, hydro-fracking to expand extraction of</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">natural gas, developing exploitation of methane hydrates, and</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">mining of coal via mountaintop removal and mechanized longwall</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">mining. The growth rate of fossil fuel emissions increased</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><p align="LEFT"><font size="4">from 1.5%/year during 1980–2000 to 3%/year in 2000–2012,</font></p><p><font size="4">
</font></p><div><font size="4">mainly because of increased coal use [4–5].</font></div><div><font size="4">_________________________</font></div><div><font size="4">Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett</font></div></font><p></p></font><p></p></font></font></div>