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<span class="" title="2013-09-14T18:33:35+00:00">September 14, 2013, <span>6:33 pm</span></span>
<h3 class="">Lifelines for Poor Children</h3>
<address class="">By <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/james-j-heckman/" class="" title="See all posts by JAMES J. HECKMAN">JAMES J. HECKMAN</a></address>
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<p>What’s missing in the current debate over economic inequality is
enough serious discussion about investing in effective early childhood
development from birth to age 5. This is not a big government boondoggle
policy that would require a huge redistribution of wealth. Acting on it
would, however, require us to rethink long-held notions of how we
develop productive people and promote shared prosperity.</p><p>Everyone
knows that education boosts productivity and enlarges opportunities, so
it is natural that proposals for reducing inequality emphasize effective
education for all. But these proposals are too timid. They ignore a
powerful body of research in the economics of human development that
tells us which skills matter for producing successful lives. They ignore
the role of families in producing the relevant skills They also ignore
or play down the critical gap in skills between advantaged and
disadvantaged children that emerges long before they enter school.</p><p>While
education is a great equalizer of opportunity when done right, American
policy is going about it all wrong: current programs don’t start early
enough, nor do they produce the skills that matter most for personal and
societal prosperity.</p><p>The cognitive skills prized by the American
educational establishment and measured by achievement tests are only
part of what is required for success in life. Character skills are
equally important determinants of wages, education, health and many
other significant aspects of flourishing lives. Self-control, openness,
the ability to engage with others, to plan and to persist — these are
the attributes that get people in the door and on the job, and lead to
productive lives. Cognitive and character skills work together as
dynamic complements; they are inseparable. Skills beget skills. More
motivated children learn more. Those who are more informed usually make
wiser decisions.</p><p>These established findings should lead to a major
reorientation of policies for human development. Because skill begets
skill, the opportunity for education should begin at birth — and not
depend on the accident of birth.</p><p>The family into which a child is
born plays a powerful role in determining lifetime opportunities. This
is hardly news, but it bears repeating: some kids win the lottery at
birth, far too many don’t — and most people have a hard time catching up
over the rest of their lives. Children raised in disadvantaged
environments are not only much less likely to succeed in school or in
society, but they are also much less likely to be healthy adults. A
variety of studies show that factors determined before the end of high
school contribute to roughly half of lifetime earnings inequality. This
is where our blind spot lies: success nominally attributed to the
beneficial effects of education, especially graduating from college, is
in truth largely a result of factors determined long before children
even enter school.</p><p>Improving the early environments of
disadvantaged children is a promising way to reduce inequality, but
conventional wisdom is to level the playing field with cash transfers,
tuition assistance and raising the minimum wage. High-quality early
childhood programs are great economic and social equalizers — they
supplement the family lives of disadvantaged children by teaching
consistent parenting and by giving children the mentoring, encouragement
and support available to functioning middle-class families. Children in
these programs develop foundational skills on par with those of more
affluent children and create a stronger family structure for themselves.
Caring parents and early stimulation are essential ingredients of
successful early childhood environments.</p><p>Critics say that early
childhood education is expensive and that it is not effective. They are
right about the cost, but terribly wrong about the large return on the
investment. Quality early childhood programs for disadvantaged children
more than pay for themselves in better education, health and economic
outcomes.</p><p>Proof comes in the form of a long-term cost-benefit
analysis of effective early childhood programs. The Perry Preschool
project was an intensive two-year voluntary program administered between
1962 and 1967 to disadvantaged 3- and 4-year-old, low-I.Q.
African-American children in Ypslanti, Mich. The curriculum emphasized
the development of self-control, perseverance and social skills in
conjunction with basic cognitive skills. It also worked with the mothers
to foster attachment, develop parenting skills and deepen their
interactions with their children. The participants were randomly
assigned to treatment and control groups, with the outcomes evaluated
over a period of four decades.</p><p>Perry did not produce lasting gains
in the I.Q.’s of its participants, but it did boost character skills
that produced better education, economic and life outcomes. The economic
rate of return from Perry is in the range of 6 percent to 10 percent
per year per dollar invested, based on greater productivity and savings
in expenditures on remediation, criminal justice and social dependency.
This compares favorably to the estimated 6.9 percent annual rate of
return of the United States stock market from the end of World War II to
the 2008 meltdown. And yes, these estimates account for the costs of
raising taxes and any resulting loss of economic activity.</p><p>A similar long-term early childhood study, <a href="http://abc.fpg.unc.edu/">the Carolina Abecedarian Project</a>,
better known as ABC, gave cognitive stimulation, training in
self-control and social skills, and parental education starting in the
first few months of life. The children were also provided with health
checkups and health care. Four groups of individuals born between 1972
and 1977 were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups, and
their progress has been monitored so far through studies conducted at
ages 12, 15, 21 and 30. This program had lasting effects on I.Q.,
parenting practices and child attachment, leading to higher educational
attainment and more skilled employment among those in the treatment
group.</p><p>Most dramatic were ABC’s effects on lifelong health. Now,
over 30 years later, those treated in ABC have lower blood pressure,
lower abdominal obesity, less hypertension and less likelihood of
metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular conditions as adults. This
evidence clearly shows the power of quality early childhood programs for
producing flourishing people with healthier lives, which increases
productivity and lowers health care costs.</p><p>Why aren’t we moving
forward and changing our ways by making investments in life-changing
early childhood development for disadvantaged children? Two things:
unfounded doubt and fear of doing things differently.</p><p>Doubters say
that high-quality programs like Perry and ABC cannot be replicated and
scaled up. However private groups, states and municipalities have used
these models to custom-build their own programs, and they are seeing
substantial results and cost savings. What’s not working is taking away
funding for these programs in the face of budget cuts. Also holding back
progress are those who claim that Perry and ABC are experiments with
samples too small to accurately predict widespread impact and return on
investment. This is a nonsensical argument. Their relatively small
sample sizes actually speak for — not against — the strength of their
findings. Dramatic differences between treatment and control-group
outcomes are usually not found in small sample experiments, yet the
differences in Perry and ABC are big and consistent in rigorous analyses
of these data.</p><p>These unfounded doubts feed our fear of taking new
and more effective approaches. American public policy throws money at
programs that don’t produce results as good or better than what is
obtained from early childhood education.</p><p>What doesn’t work?
Investing in smaller class sizes is not as effective as making sure each
child has the foundational skills to do well inside the classroom,
regardless of its size. Because skill begets skill, it’s common sense
that adult literacy programs and many job-training programs are too
little, too late. It is much more effective and cost efficient to create
instead of remediate.</p><p>This is not to say that we should abandon
all remediation programs; only that our focus on fixing downstream
problems should not preclude enlightened upstream solutions.</p><p>Fortunately,
the public knows that something is wrong and senses that early
childhood development might be the solution. A recent public opinion
poll commissioned by the First Five Years Fund found that 68 percent of
voters think that only half or even fewer children begin kindergarten
with the knowledge and skills they need to do their best in school.
Eighty-nine percent say it is important to make early education and
child care more affordable for working families to give their children a
strong start, and a similar number want the federal government to help
states build better preschools and make them more accessible to low- and
middle-income children.</p><p>President Obama has proposed an early
childhood initiative that combines family visitation, infant health and
development, early learning, quality child care and more effective
preschooling at ages 4 and 5. This is an encouraging shift in American
policy, one that could significantly reduce inequality if it remained
true to the evidence of what works — not to the politics of what is
convenient.</p><p>Our choice in these difficult economic times is not
just whether to spend or cut, but whether to choose knowledge over
conventional wisdom. Will we put money in programs that pay off? Quality
early childhood programs for disadvantaged children are not
“entitlements” or bottomless wells of social spending. They foster human
flourishing and they improve our economic productivity in the process.
There is no trade-off between equity and efficiency, as there is for
other social programs. Early investment in the lives of disadvantaged
children will help reduce inequality, in both the short and the long
run.</p><p><em>James J. Heckman is a <a href="http://heckman.uchicago.edu/">professor</a> of economics at the University of Chicago and a Nobel Laureate in Economics.</em></p></div>
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