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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"></a>
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<div class="">August 21, 2013</div>
<h1>Welcome to the Age of Denial</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span><span>ADAM FRANK</span></span></h6>
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<p>
ROCHESTER — IN 1982, polls showed that 44 percent of Americans believed
God had created human beings in their present form. Thirty years later,
the fraction of the population who are creationists is <a href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx">46 percent</a>. </p>
<p>
In 1989, when “climate change” had just entered the public lexicon, <a href="http://bit.ly/cXdpdX">63 percent</a>
of Americans understood it was a problem. Almost 25 years later, that
proportion is actually a bit lower, at 58 percent. </p>
<p>
The timeline of these polls defines my career in science. In 1982 I was
an undergraduate physics major. In 1989 I was a graduate student. My
dream was that, in a quarter-century, I would be a professor of
astrophysics, introducing a new generation of students to the powerful
yet delicate craft of scientific research. </p>
<p>
Much of that dream has come true. Yet instead of sending my students
into a world that celebrates the latest science has to offer, I am
delivering them into a society ambivalent, even skeptical, about the
fruits of science. </p>
<p>
This is not a world the scientists I trained with would recognize. Many
of them served on the Manhattan Project. Afterward, they helped create
the technologies that drove America’s postwar prosperity. In that era of
the mid-20th century, politicians were expected to support science
financially but otherwise leave it alone. The disaster of Lysenkoism, in
which Communist ideology distorted scientific truth and all but
destroyed Russian biological science, was still a fresh memory. </p>
<p>
The triumph of Western science led most of my professors to believe that
progress was inevitable. While the bargain between science and
political culture was at times challenged — the nuclear power debate of
the 1970s, for example — the battles were fought using scientific
evidence. Manufacturing doubt remained firmly off-limits. </p>
<p>
Today, however, it is politically effective, and socially acceptable, to
deny scientific fact. Narrowly defined, “creationism” was a minor
current in American thinking for much of the 20th century. But in the
years since I was a student, a well-funded effort has skillfully
rebranded that ideology as “creation science” and pushed it into
classrooms across the country. Though transparently unscientific,
denying evolution has become a litmus test for some conservative
politicians, even at the highest levels. </p>
<p>
Meanwhile, climate deniers, taking pages from the creationists’ PR
playbook, have manufactured doubt about fundamental issues in climate
science that were decided scientifically decades ago. And anti-vaccine
campaigners brandish a few long-discredited studies to make unproven
claims about links between autism and vaccination. </p>
<p>
The list goes on. North Carolina has <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/north-carolina-bans-latest-science-rising-sea-level/story?id=16913782">banned</a>
state planners from using climate data in their projections of future
sea levels. So many Oregon parents have refused vaccination that the
state is <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/06/10/2127601/oregon-vaccine-stigma-bill-advances/">revising its school entry policies</a>.
And all of this is happening in a culture that is less engaged with
science and technology as intellectual pursuits than at any point I can
remember. </p>
<p>
Thus, even as our day-to-day experiences have become dependent on
technological progress, many of our leaders have abandoned the postwar
bargain in favor of what the scientist Michael Mann calls the “<a href="http://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/the-scientization-of-politics">scientization of politics</a>.” </p>
<p>
What do I tell my students? From one end of their educational trajectory
to the other, our society told these kids science was important. How
confusing is it for them now, when scientists receive death threats for
simply doing honest research on our planet’s climate history? </p>
<p>
Americans always expected their children to face a brighter economic
future, and we scientists expected our students to inherit a world where
science was embraced by an ever-larger fraction of the population. This
never implied turning science into a religion or demanding slavish
acceptance of this year’s hot research trends. We face many daunting
challenges as a society, and they won’t all be solved with more science
and math education. But what has been lost is an understanding that
science’s open-ended, evidence-based processes — rather than just its
results — are essential to meeting those challenges. </p>
<p>
My professors’ generation could respond to silliness like creationism
with head-scratching bemusement. My students cannot afford that luxury.
Instead they must become fierce champions of science in the marketplace
of ideas. </p>
<p>
During my undergraduate studies I was shocked at the low opinion some of
my professors had of the astronomer Carl Sagan. For me his efforts to
popularize science were an inspiration, but for them such “outreach” was
a diversion. That view makes no sense today. </p>
<p>
The enthusiasm and generous spirit that Mr. Sagan used to advocate for
science now must inspire all of us. There are science Twitter feeds and
blogs to run, citywide science festivals and high school science fairs
that need input. For the civic-minded nonscientists there are school
board curriculum meetings and long-term climate response plans that cry
out for the participation of informed citizens. And for every parent and
grandparent there is the opportunity to make a few more trips to the
science museum with your children. </p>
<p>
Behind the giant particle accelerators and space observatories, science
is a way of behaving in the world. It is, simply put, a tradition. And
as we know from history’s darkest moments, even the most enlightened
traditions can be broken and lost. Perhaps that is the most important
lesson all lifelong students of science must learn now. </p>
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<p> <a href="http://tinyurl.com/kywtmhf">Adam Frank</a>, a professor of
physics and astronomy at the University of Rochester, is the author of
“About Time: Cosmology and Culture at the Twilight of the Big Bang” and a
founder of NPR’s 13.7 Cosmos and Culture blog. </p> </div>
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