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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"></a>
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<div class="">August 6, 2013</div>
<h1>The Tea Party’s Path to Irrelevance</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span><span>JAMES TRAUB</span></span></h6>
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<p>
WASHINGTON — THE Tea Party has a new crusade: preventing illegal
immigrants from gaining citizenship, which they say is giving amnesty to
lawbreakers. Judson Phillips, the founder of Tea Party Nation, recently
told Politico that his members were “more upset about the amnesty bill
than they were about Obamacare.” </p>
<p>
They’re so upset, in fact, that Republican supporters of immigration
reform, like Senators Marco Rubio of Florida and Lindsey Graham of South
Carolina, have become marked men in their party, while House
Republicans have followed the Tea Party lead by refusing to even
consider the Senate’s bipartisan reform plan. </p>
<p>
Tea Partyers often style themselves as disciples of <a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>,
the high apostle of limited government. But by taking the ramparts
against immigration, the movement is following a trajectory that looks
less like the glorious arc of Jefferson’s Republican Party than the
suicidal path of Jefferson’s great rivals, the long-forgotten
Federalists, who also refused to accept the inexorable changes of
American demography. </p>
<p>
The Federalists began as the faction that supported the new
Constitution, with its “federal” framework, rather than the existing
model of a loose “confederation” of states. They were the national
party, claiming to represent the interests of the entire country.
</p>
<p>
Culturally, however, they were identified with the ancient stock of New
England and the mid-Atlantic, as the other major party at the time, the
Jeffersonian Republicans (no relation to today’s Republicans), were with
the South. </p>
<p>
The Federalists held together for the first few decades, but in 1803 the
Louisiana Purchase — Jefferson’s great coup — drove a wedge between the
party’s ideology and its demography. The national party was suddenly
faced with a nation that looked very different from what it knew: in a
stroke, a vast new territory would be opened for colonization, creating
new economic and political interests, slavery among them. </p>
<p>
“The people of the East can not reconcile their habits, views and
interests with those of the South and West,” declared Thomas Pickering, a
leading Massachusetts Federalist. </p>
<p>
Every Federalist in Congress save John Quincy Adams voted against the
Louisiana Purchase. Adams, too, saw that New England, the cradle of the
revolution, had become a small part of a new nation. Change “being found
in nature,” he wrote stoically, “cannot be resisted.” </p>
<p>
But resist is precisely what the Federalists did. Fearing that Irish,
English and German newcomers would vote for the Jeffersonian
Republicans, they argued — unsuccessfully — for excluding immigrants
from voting or holding office, and pushed to extend the period of
naturalization from 5 to 14 years. </p>
<p>
Leading Federalists even plotted to “establish a separate government in
New England,” as William Plumer, a senator from Delaware, later
conceded. (The plot collapsed only when the proposed military leader,
Aaron Burr, killed the proposed political guide, Alexander Hamilton.)
</p>
<p>
The Federalists later drummed out Adams, who voted with the Jeffersonian
Republicans to impose an embargo on England in retaliation for English
harassment of American merchant ships and impressment of American
sailors. This was the foreshadowing moment of the War of 1812, which the
Anglophile Federalists stoutly opposed. </p>
<p>
Finally, in the fall of 1814, the Federalists convened the Hartford
Convention to vote on whether to stay in or out of the Union. By then
even the hotheads realized how little support they had, and the movement
collapsed. And the Federalists, now scorned as an anti-national party,
collapsed as well. </p>
<p>
Contrast that defiance with Jefferson’s Republicans, who stood for
decentralized government and the interests of yeoman farmers, primarily
in the coastal South. </p>
<p>
They ruled the country from 1801 to 1825, when they were unseated by
Adams — who, after splitting with the Federalists, had joined with a
breakaway Republican faction. </p>
<p>
In response, Jefferson’s descendants, known as the Old Radicals, did
exactly what the Federalists would not do: they joined up with the new
Americans, many of them immigrants, who were settling the country opened
up by the Louisiana Purchase. </p>
<p>
Their standard-bearer in 1828, Andrew Jackson, favored tariffs and
“internal improvements” like roads and canals, the big-government
programs of the day. The new party, known first as the
Democratic-Republicans, and then simply as the Democrats, thrashed Adams
that year. (Adams’s party, the National Republicans, gave way to the
Whigs, which in turn evolved into the modern Republican Party.) </p>
<p>
Today’s Republicans are not likely to disappear completely, like the
Federalists did. But Republican leaders like Mr. Rubio and Mr. Graham
understand that a party that seeks to defy demography, relying on white
resentment toward a rising tide of nonwhite newcomers, dooms itself to
permanent minority status. Opposing big government is squarely in the
American grain; trying to hold back the demographic tide is quixotic.
Professional politicians do not want to become the party of a legacy
class. </p>
<p>
The problem is that the Tea Party is not a party, and its members are
quite prepared to ride their hobbyhorse into a dead end. And many
Republicans, at least in the House, seem fully prepared to join them
there, and may end up dragging the rest of the party with them. </p>
<p>
The example of those early days shows that American political parties
once knew how to adapt to a changing reality. It is a lesson many seem
to have forgotten. </p>
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<p>James Traub, a columnist at <a href="http://foreignpolicy.com">foreignpolicy.com</a>, is writing a biography of John Quincy Adams.</p> </div>
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