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<span class="" title="2013-07-31T20:58:57+00:00">July 31, 2013, <span>8:58 pm</span></span>
<h3 class="">Banks Find S.&P. More Favorable in Bond Ratings</h3>
<address class="">By <a href="http://dealbook.nytimes.com/author/nathaniel-popper/" class="" title="See all posts by NATHANIEL POPPER">NATHANIEL POPPER</a></address>
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<p>The Wall Street ratings game is back.</p><p>Five years after inflated credit ratings helped touch off the financial crisis, the nation’s largest ratings agency, <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/standard_and_poors/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Standard & Poor’s</a>, is winning business again by offering more favorable ratings.</p>
<p>S.&
P. has been giving higher grades than its big rivals to certain
mortgage-backed securities just as Wall Street is eagerly trying to
revive the market for these investments, according to an analysis
conducted for The New York Times by Commercial Mortgage Alert, which
collects data on the industry. S.& P.’s chase for business is
notable because it is fighting a government lawsuit accusing it of
similar action before the financial crisis.</p><p>As the company battles
those accusations, industry participants say it has once again been
moving to capture business by offering Wall Street underwriters higher
ratings than other agencies will offer. And it has apparently worked.
Banks have shown a new willingness to hire S.& P. to rate their
bonds, tripling its market share in the first half of 2013. Its biggest
rivals have been much less likely to give higher ratings.</p><p>“The
general consensus was that these changes have let them get their market
share back,” said Darrell Wheeler, a bond analyst at Amherst Securities.</p><p>Standard
& Poor’s said the “methodology used and the conclusions drawn by
The New York Times are flawed,” though it declined to elaborate on what
those flaws were.</p><p>In its response to the government lawsuit, the
company said that its ratings had always been “uninfluenced by conflicts
of interest.”</p><p>But David Jacob, who ran the S.& P. division
that rated mortgage-backed bonds until 2011, said that in his time at
the company, after the financial crisis, he saw employees adjusting
criteria in response to business pressure.</p><p>“It’s silly to say that
the market share doesn’t matter,” said Mr. Jacob, who is now retired.
“This is not God’s holy work. It’s a business.”</p><p>Along with its chief rivals — <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/moodys_corporation/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Moody’s Investors Service</a> and <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/fitch_ratings_inc/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Fitch</a>
— S.& P. was criticized for offering top-flight ratings to subprime
mortgage securities, which made those bonds appear more attractive to
investors before the crisis. The agencies had an incentive to offer
higher ratings because banks choose which ratings agency grades each
bond. The flaws in the system became apparent when many bonds with the
highest ratings ended up plunging in value, inflicting enormous damage
on the economy.</p><p>The government, though, chose in February to file
suit against only S.& P., accusing it of relaxing its rating
methodology before the crisis to win business.</p><p>The methodology and
motivation of the ratings agencies are important because they play such
a vital role in the financial system. Many investors are allowed to buy
only bonds that have been rated AAA by S.& P. or one its two
largest competitors, <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=MCO&inline=nyt-org">Moody’s</a> and Fitch. Banks often adjust the riskiness of their investment products to satisfy the agencies.</p>
<p>But
the agencies have long been accused of tailoring their ratings to the
banks to win more business. Before the crisis, the biggest problems
involved ratings of bonds tied to subprime residential mortgages. More
recent concerns have come about since S.& P. made an apparently
benign change last September to the criteria it uses to rate bonds
backed by commercial real estate mortgages, which is now the hottest
portion of the mortgage bond market.</p><p>The company said at the time
that the change was not designed to win more business. Before the
change, though, S.& P. was lagging, in part because of tougher
standards it put in place immediately after the crisis.</p><p>Since the
change, the company has been much more likely than its big rivals to
offer higher ratings on the commercial real estate bonds, according to
the analysis for The Times. On half of the deals that it rated since
last September, S.& P. has given at least a portion of the deal a
higher rating than the other agencies rating the same deals. Before the
change in standards, it rarely offered higher ratings.</p><p>Some
investors buying the bonds worry that the willingness of some agencies
to give better ratings is encouraging banks to issue lower-quality
bonds.</p><p>“When one agency loosens up on something, it forces others
to as well,” said Edward Shugrue, the chief executive of the bond
investing firm Talmage.</p><p>Immediately after the crisis, the agencies
themselves moved to tighten their standards. S.& P. offered top
positions to Mr. Jacob and his partner, Mark Adelson, from the
consulting firm Adelson & Jacob, both of whom had called for more
scrutiny of bonds.</p><p>The two quickly pushed inside the company for
tougher standards for the bonds that were at the root of the financial
crisis. This alienated many banks, and the agency was rarely chosen to
rate the mortgage-backed bonds. The company rated only 22 percent of the
bonds issued in 2011, down from 80 percent in 2006.</p><p>Inside the company, Mr. Jacob said, “People weren’t happy with losing market share.”</p><p>A
spokesman for the company said it rejected Mr. Jacob’s assertions and
noted that he did not raise his concerns when he was at the company.</p><p>S.& P. ran into particular trouble in August 2011 after it backed out of rating a bond being issued by <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=GS&inline=nyt-org">Goldman Sachs</a> and <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=C&inline=nyt-org">Citigroup</a>
because of internal disagreements about how to rate the bonds. It was
in the months after that episode, when no banks would hire S.& P.,
that the company pushed out many of the employees who had been
instituting tougher standards, including Mr. Jacob and Mr. Adelson.</p><p>At the same time, the company began working on new criteria for rating bonds tied to commercial real estate.</p><p>When
S.& P. released the new standards in September 2012 it was not
immediately clear if they would result in higher ratings. The document
describing the changes left many of the specifics vague.</p><p>But the
company quickly managed to win the job of rating a number of smaller
bonds. And in each of the first five deals where it was chosen, Standard
& Poor’s offered higher grades than its competitors to at least a
portion of the multilayered deals, according to the data from Commercial
Mortgage Alert. The pattern has not slowed down more recently. On each
of the five most recent deals that Standard & Poor’s rated, it gave
better ratings than the other agencies.</p><p>The company’s numbers
stand in particular contrast to Moody’s, which has not given the highest
ratings to any deal it rated over the last two years. Fitch, the third
big ratings agency, gave higher ratings on only 8 percent of the bonds
it rated over the last year.</p><p>S.& P.’s willingness to give
higher ratings makes it look more like the three smaller ratings
agencies that work on bonds tied to commercial real estate: Kroll, DBRS
and <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=MORN&inline=nyt-org">Morningstar</a>.
They were all more likely to give higher ratings than Fitch and
Moody’s. Even among those three, though, only Morningstar was more
likely to give higher ratings than S.& P., according to the
Commercial Mortgage Alert data. Morningstar gave higher ratings than
competitors on 52 percent of the deals it graded.</p><p>Joseph Petro, an
executive with Morningstar’s ratings business, said that it won fewer
overall contracts than other agencies because it applied tougher
standards in the preliminary phases of the process, which are not
publicly visible.</p><p>Several bond investors said that ratings
mattered less than they did in the past because the financial crisis
taught them to do their own analysis before putting their money down.
That is particularly true for bonds backed by commercial mortgages,
which are popular with more sophisticated investors.</p><p>But Mr. Shugrue said that the little things being allowed could turn into steps toward much bigger problems.</p><p>“You can see that we are slipping our way back to 2007,” he said.</p>
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