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<div class="">April 21, 2013</div>
<h1>Restyled as Real Estate Trusts, Varied Businesses Avoid Taxes</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/p/nathaniel_popper/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by NATHANIEL POPPER"><span>NATHANIEL POPPER</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
A small but growing number of American corporations, operating in
businesses as diverse as private prisons, billboards and casinos, are
making an aggressive move to reduce — or even eliminate — their federal
tax bills. </p>
<p>
They are declaring that they are not ordinary corporations at all.
Instead, they say, they are something else: special trusts that are
typically exempt from paying federal taxes. </p>
<p>
The trust structure has been around for years but, until recently, it
was generally used only by funds holding real estate. Now, the likes of
the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/corrections-corporation-of-america/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More information about Corrections Corporation of America" class="">Corrections Corporation of America</a>, which owns and operates 44 prisons and detention centers across the nation, have quietly received permission from the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/i/internal_revenue_service/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about the Internal Revenue Service." class="">Internal Revenue Service</a> to put on new corporate clothes and, as a result, save many millions on taxes. </p>
<p>
The Corrections Corporation, which is making the switch, expects to save $70 million in 2013. <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/penn-national-gaming-inc/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More information about Penn National Gaming Inc" class="">Penn National Gaming</a>,
which operates 22 casinos, including the M Resort Spa Casino in Las
Vegas, recently won approval to change its tax designation, too. </p>
<p>
Changing from a standard corporation to a real estate investment trust,
or REIT — a designation signed into law by President Dwight D.
Eisenhower — has suddenly become a hot corporate trend. One Wall Street
analyst has characterized the label as a “golden ticket” for
corporations. </p>
<p>
“I’ve been in this business for 30 years, and I’ve never seen the
interest in REIT conversions as high as it is today,” said Robert
O’Brien, the head of the real estate practice at Deloitte & Touche,
the big accounting firm. </p>
<p>
At a time when deficits and taxes loom large in Washington, some
question whether the new real estate investment trusts deserve their
privileged position. </p>
<p>
When they were created in 1960, they were meant to be passive investment
vehicles, like mutual funds, that buy up a broad portfolio of real
estate — whether shopping malls, warehouses, hospitals or even
timberland — and derive almost all of their income from those holdings.
</p>
<p>
One of the bedrock principles — and the reason for the tax exemption —
was that the trusts do not do any business other than owning real
estate. </p>
<p>
But bit by bit, especially in recent years, that has changed as the
I.R.S., in a number of low-profile decisions, has broadened the
definition of real estate, and allowed companies to split off parts of
their business that are unrelated to real estate. </p>
<p>
For example, prison companies like the Corrections Corporation and the
Geo Group successfully argued that the money they collect from
governments for holding prisoners is essentially rent. Companies that
operate cellphone towers have said that the towers themselves are real
estate. </p>
<p>
The conversions generally do not require the companies to change their
underlying business. The chief executive of the Corrections Corporation,
Damon T. Hininger, told investors in February that the new structure
should help in the company’s aim of “housing more and more population
for federal, state and local levels as they grow or deal with
overcrowding.” </p>
<p>
The I.R.S. released <a title="The I.R.S. statement." href="http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-wd/1314002.pdf">its latest decision</a>,
allowing a data and document storage company to convert, on April 5.
The letter did not include the name of the company, but several data
storage companies, including Iron Mountain and Equinix, are in the
process of converting. </p>
<p>
A few days later, a strategist at the Wall Street firm Jefferies wrote <a title="The Jefferies report, p. 5." href="http://bit.ly/16OWoS0">in a report</a>:
“It is not a far stretch to envision REITs concentrated in railroads,
highways, mines, landfills, vineyards, farmland or any other ‘immovable’
structure that generates revenues.” </p>
<p>
Today, there are more than 1,000 real estate investment trusts, about 10
percent of them traded publicly on the stock market. Investors like
them because, by law, they must distribute at least 90 percent of their
taxable income to their shareholders — a particularly alluring prospect
today, given the low interest rates paid by many other basic
investments. </p>
<p>
The benefits of converting are obvious for stockholders and corporate
insiders as well. The conversion typically drives up a company’s stock
price. Investors are drawn by the prospect of lucrative dividends under
the new structure. The mere rumor that a company might convert has been
enough to send its stock price soaring. </p>
<p>
The trend has been a concern to advocates of the traditional trusts, who
fear that the newcomers may eventually jeopardize the tax status of
older funds that do not do any business other than owning real estate.
</p>
<p>
“I worry that in a world where Congress is very sensitive to taxes, that
a lot of these structures could end up attracting a lot of attention
that might not be entirely positive,” said Ross L. Smotrich, an analyst
at Barclays. </p>
<p>
Steven Rosenthal, a staff member at the Joint Committee on Taxation
during the 1990s and now a visiting fellow at the nonpartisan Tax Policy
Center, said that the trend raises questions about the purpose of
corporate income taxes at a time when there are so many ways around
them. The conversions are one of many strategies that businesses use to
avoid paying the corporate tax rate of 35 percent. </p>
<p>
“What is there about a business owning real estate that suggests we should not tax them?” Mr. Rosenthal said. </p>
<p>
Some Congressional staff members said they had noticed the recent conversions and were monitoring the issue. </p>
<p>
This is not the first wave of companies seeking out a new type of
corporate status to avoid taxes. In the 1980s, dozens of companies,
including Sahara Resorts and the Boston Celtics, became master limited
partnerships, another corporate form that is tax-exempt. After the
practice attracted notice, Congress passed laws that limited the
industries that could use the structure. In the 1990s, hotel companies
took advantage of the laws, but a change to the laws in 1999 soon
snuffed that out. </p>
<p>
It is too soon to tell how far the current round of conversions will
spread. PricewaterhouseCoopers recently counted 20 companies that are at
some stage in the process of converting, and there has been a steady
stream of suggestions for what industry might next secure I.R.S.
approval. </p>
<p>
Lawyers have also been finding creative ways to follow the letter of the
law by splitting off parts of a company into subsidiaries that can be
taxed. In the legal world, the most controversial such effort is being
undertaken by Penn National, the casino company. It won approval from
the I.R.S. late last year to turn itself into a real estate holding
company. In the process, it created a tax-paying subsidiary that holds
the casino operations and pays rent to the parent company. </p>
<p>
Mr. O’Brien, at Deloitte & Touche, said he has been talking with
other casino operators that are looking at making similar moves. The
ruling could also open the door for restaurant companies like McDonald’s
and retailers like J. C. Penney to follow a similar route, though
neither company has indicated it is considering such a move. </p>
<p>
For now, companies like the Corrections Corporation are quickly moving through the process. </p>
<p>
“The good news about this is that we are going to be able to enjoy a
full year of tax savings for 2013,” Mr. Hininger, the chief executive,
said in February. Last week, the company’s share price hit its highest
level in over a decade. </p>
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