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<div class="">April 14, 2013</div>
<h1>Cowboys and Eggheads</h1>
<h6 class="">By
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<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/bill_keller/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by BILL KELLER"><span>BILL KELLER</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
My Times colleague Mark Mazzetti has a new book out that is getting a
lot of attention, including some cinematic excerpts published in The
Times, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/world/asia/origins-of-cias-not-so-secret-drone-war-in-pakistan.html?ref=markmazzetti&_r=0">here</a> and <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/magazine/raymond-davis-pakistan.html?hpw">here</a>.
“The Way of the Knife” recounts the recent transformation of the
Central Intelligence Agency from a traditional spying shop into more of a
man-hunting paramilitary — custodian of lethal drones, sponsor of dark
ops, employer of secret armies and shady contractors. </p>
<p>
As an assassination bureau, the C.I.A. has had some spectacular
successes. (The Navy Seal raid that killed Osama bin Laden was led by
the C.I.A.) It has also come in for some fierce criticism from those who
are uncomfortable with assassination in general, with the eerily
impersonal methods of remote killing, with the civilian casualties, or
with the timid oversight of an agency licensed to kill. And of course
the demand for operational intelligence to aid these manhunts drove the
C.I.A. into the practice of torture and rendition. </p>
<p>
But Mazzetti’s important thought is not that war is a dirty business; it
is that by turning our premier intelligence agency into a killing
machine, we may have paid a price in national vigilance. </p>
<p>
Alone among the many U.S. intelligence outfits (the number has grown to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community">16 or 17</a>
depending on how you count) the C.I.A. has the job of supplying the
president with the deep strategic intelligence that anticipates dangers
and shapes American policy. The agency has always housed both covert
operations and the more traditional gathering and analysis of
information — “cowboys and eggheads,” as one agency-watcher put it. The
worry is that the eggheads have become so caught up in serving the
cowboys tactical intelligence about high-profile assassination targets
that they have less bandwidth to devote to longer-term threats. </p>
<p>
“The C.I.A.’s raison d’être is preventing big strategic surprises,” said
Amy Zegart, an intelligence specialist at the Hoover Institution. “They
do not exist to kill third-rate terrorists running around failed
states.” </p>
<p>
Gregory Treverton, a RAND Corporation expert who is a former vice
chairman of the National Intelligence Council, said that as hundreds of
analysts flood into the subject of the moment, they are assigned to
narrower and narrower slices of the problem. There is less standing back
and figuring out how it adds up, what might happen next. “All the
creativity is going to, can we identify, locate and take out the bad
guys,” Treverton said. But unless somebody is asking where the bad guys
came from and what drives them, we are fighting the symptom rather than
the disease. </p>
<p>
We have learned, to our peril, how much it matters when intelligence
lets us down. The C.I.A., having been hollowed out in the ’90s after the
end of the cold war, failed to see the signs of what would be 9/11.
Then the C.I.A. got the ostensible Iraqi weapons threat terribly wrong,
drowning out more skeptical voices in the intelligence units of the
State Department and Energy Department, and paving the way to a colossal
blunder of a war. </p>
<p>
At least twice before in recent memory the C.I.A. has been consumed by
secret warfare that had unhappy endings. In the 1980s the agency joined
forces with mujahedeen fighters in Afghanistan against Soviet occupiers;
the Soviets were routed, the Americans moved on, and the mujahedeen
turned their jihad on us. At the same time, the agency was secretly,
illegally backing the Nicaraguan contra rebels; that venture ended in
defeat, indictments and embarrassment. </p>
<p>
Jeffrey Smith, who has worked on intelligence issues as a Senate
staffer, a State Department lawyer and the general counsel of the
C.I.A., points out that it’s not just the spy agencies that have their
attention monopolized by these ventures, but their clients in the
Pentagon, the State Department and the White House. “The problem with
these big covert action programs,” a senior official once told Smith,
“is that they become the policy of the United States.” </p>
<p>
“When you start these programs, everybody is enthusiastic about them,”
Smith said. “But to run them right takes a huge focus of senior
leadership.” And other things get neglected. </p>
<p>
By most accounts, including the assessment of intelligence insiders,
academics and journalists who cover the subject, the conglomerate of
intelligence agencies is in much better shape than it was before 9/11.
That’s a low bar, but credit where credit is due. The agencies are
better staffed and better at sharing information. It’s hard for an
outsider to tell until something goes wrong, but high-priority topics
like Iran’s nuclear program and China’s development of cyberweapons seem
to be getting the emphasis they deserve. </p>
<p>
Gary Samore, who worked in the Clinton Administration and then returned
to oversee nuclear weapons-related intelligence for President Obama
until January, said he felt well served by the agency’s collection and
analysis. </p>
<p>
“Of course the C.I.A. missed all the revolutions in the Arab world,” he
said. “But we always miss the revolutions. We missed the collapse of the
Soviet Union, we missed the revolution in Iran, we missed the overthrow
in the Philippines. ... It’s a normal human condition. We all expect
continuity — until there’s change.” </p>
<p>
He’s right, but when change does happen you hope the agency will be
quick to catch up with unfolding events and provide the president with
cleareyed reporting that will help position the U.S. to its best
advantage. That requires the difficult, patient cultivation of sources
on the ground, including the opposition. In the Muslim world, Mazzetti
and some experts suspect, the C.I.A. had not acquired a wealth of
sources in the opposition, and that may be partly because in places like
Egypt and Libya the agency was focused on cozying up to the official
spy agencies, hoping to tap into their information about Qaeda
operatives. </p>
<p>
The concern that essential intelligence has suffered from the
paramilitary preoccupation is shared by some of the president’s own
advisers. According to a <a href="http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-20/world/37873177_1_drone-strikes-secret-report-national-security-agency">Washington Post report last month</a>,
the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board warned in a secret report
last year that spy agencies were paying insufficient attention to China
and the Middle East and other potential trouble spots and should shift
emphasis back toward traditional intelligence work. The panel included
Chuck Hagel, who has since become secretary of defense. </p>
<p>
“Who knows what you’re missing?” said Lee Hamilton, former chairman of
the House Intelligence Committee and another member of the advisory
board (he emphasized he was speaking only for himself). Hamilton
supports the president’s power to authorize targeted killing, but he
worries that “the tail is wagging the dog.” He points out that
traditional intelligence analysis has become more urgent because in our
digitized world the profusion of data is overwhelming. </p>
<p>
In Senate hearings before his confirmation as the new C.I.A. director,
John Brennan conceded that the agency’s military focus is “a bit of an
aberration from its traditional role” and promised “to take a look at
that allocation of mission.” There is talk of transferring much of the
killer drone program to the Pentagon, where it would be more accountable
and better integrated with other military activities. But President
Obama will almost certainly choose to keep some drone operations at the
C.I.A., for those occasions when the mission requires secrecy or
venturing into a sovereign country. (The C.I.A. ran the bin Laden
mission because the military, on its own, would not be allowed to
violate the air space of Pakistan without its permission.) </p>
<p>
Rebuilding traditional intelligence collecting and analysis is not a
simple matter of reassigning case officers. The expertise is not always
transferable; the skills are not fungible. “You’ve had a whole
generation of intelligence people who have come into the C.I.A. now that
have only worked on military operations,” Hamilton said. Treverton says
people in the clandestine service tell him of case officers who arrive
at Langley after a few tours in Iraq: “Their idea of meeting a source
is with a Humvee and a military escort. They’ve never done real
espionage tradecraft.” </p>
<p>
Of course, reorienting the C.I.A. depends on the demands of its clients
in the White House and its overseers in Congress. Much as policy makers
insist they want smart, “over the horizon” intelligence, it’s today’s
news that grabs their attention, and covert operations that excite them.
I don’t suppose many of the boys in Congress grew up playing egghead.
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