<div dir="ltr">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"></a>
</div>
<div class="">
</div>
</div>
<br clear="all"><hr align="left" size="1">
<div class="">March 29, 2013</div>
<h1>Nature’s Case for Same-Sex Marriage</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span><span>DAVID GEORGE HASKELL</span></span></h6>
<div id="articleBody">
<p>
BIOLOGY has returned to the nation’s highest court. It’s not Darwin’s
theory of evolution on the docket this time, but the nature of sex.
Defenders of Proposition 8, California’s ban on gay marriage, base their
case on what they call the “objective biological fact” that procreation
is an exclusively heterosexual process. Citing the 18th-century English
jurist William Blackstone, they argue that marriage should be “founded
in nature.” </p>
<p>
This invocation of nature echoes other voices. Last December, before
Pope Benedict XVI resigned, he used his Christmas greetings to the Roman
Curia to deplore what he called a “new philosophy of sexuality” that
manipulates and denies nature. Roy S. Moore, re-elected last fall as the
Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court, once let rip with less
measured language, exclaiming in a child-custody case that homosexuality
was “a crime against nature and a violation of the laws of nature and
of nature’s God.” Meanwhile, Tennessee legislators have repeatedly
sought the prohibition of any sexual education “inconsistent with
natural human reproduction.” None of this is, in fact, new: <a href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/wilde/Crimwilde.html">Oscar Wilde’s trials</a> hinged on the courts’ understanding of natural love and unnatural vice. </p>
<p>
References to biology coat these arguments with a gloss of scientific
rigor. But before we write nature into law, let’s take a stroll outside
the Supreme Court’s chambers and check those biological facts.
Descending the steps of the court, we enter Washington’s planted
landscape, a formal park where nature stands alongside patriotic
monuments and federal buildings. There is no shortage of counsel about
biology here. </p>
<p>
The grandeur of the National Mall is rightly famous. Less well known are
the hermaphroditic sex lives of many of its inhabitants. Japanese
cherry trees break bud in explosions of pink; male and female coexist at
the heart of each flower. The American elms that frame the Mall’s lawns
present a more reserved countenance to the world. But their
inconspicuous lime-green flowers are biologically bisexual. Ginkgo,
another tree common in Washington, follows a Prop 8-approved sexual
separation, growing as discrete males and females. But even the ginkgo
will sometimes surprise horticulturalists with a stray flower of the
other sex. </p>
<p>
An inspection of the bark of these trees reveals garden snails grazing
on thin, vertical lawns of lichens, yeasts and algae. Like the trees,
each sexually mature snail makes both egg and sperm. Mating among these
gastropods is charged with romantic tension; two males and two females
are caught up in every embrace. Downstream from the Mall, at the outlet
of the Potomac, marine snails called slipper shells add yet another
twist: they begin life as males, before maturing into females. </p>
<p>
The snails on the trees graze on fungi that further enrich the Mall’s
sexual diversity. Fungi don’t have “sexes,” as most humans understand
the term. Subtle chemical markers on each fungal cell divide the species
into “mating types.” In some species, dozens of such types occur. Some
of these fungal cells — like the slipper shells — can’t resist the itch
to switch types. </p>
<p>
Looking up from the fungi, we see a bee with its head buried in a cherry
blossom’s mop of reproductive parts, supping on sweet nectar, and a
northern cardinal fusses in the foliage, seeking early-hatched
caterpillars. If these birds and bees were the first to teach us about
sex, we’ve forgotten part of the lesson. Just as some species that are
mostly hermaphroditic contain unisexual individuals, some insects and
vertebrates cannot be simply called male or female. Human biology joins <a href="http://www.who.int/genomics/gender/en/index1.html">in this rejection</a>
of binary claims of male and female. There is controversy in the
scientific literature about how many people are intersex, but some
estimates put the figure at up to 2 percent. </p>
<p>
Of course, sexuality is more than an arrangement of cells. Bonds form
between sexual partners that help define the social structure of each
species. What does nature on the Mall teach us about these
relationships? Look, for instance, at the mallards paddling in the
nearby reflecting pools. If they are like mallards elsewhere, then one
in 10 of them engage in homosexual sex. </p>
<p>
Stepping from the northern border of the Mall into the Smithsonian’s
National Museum of Natural History, we come face-to-taxidermied-face
with our great ape relatives. Before these apes were sequestered in
museum cabinets, homosexual bonds were a natural part of their lives.
This is especially true for our closest living cousins, the bonobos and
chimpanzees. </p>
<p>
The facts of biology plainly falsify the oft-repeated notion that
homosexuality is unnatural. Every species has evolved its own sexual
ecology, and so nature resists generalizations. Does humanity’s natural
inheritance include homosexual bonds and behaviors? Certainly. This
conclusion is reinforced by the growing evidence that our sexual
orientation is influenced by both <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7581447">our genes</a> and the environment that we experience <a href="http://classes.biology.ucsd.edu/bisp194-1.FA09/Blanchard_2001.pdf">in the womb</a>. </p>
<p>
A wide, living rainbow arcs across the natural world. Diversity rules in
sexuality, just as it does in the rest of biology. This natural variety
does not provide ready-made moral guidance. But to claim that the only
natural forms of sex and pair bonding occur between unambiguous males
and females is to ignore the facts of human biology. Let those who wish
for marriage to be “founded in nature” take note: the view outside the
Supreme Court is full of life’s beautiful sexual variegation. </p>
<div class="">
<p> <a href="http://theforestunseen.com/">David George Haskell</a>, a
professor of biology at Sewanee: The University of the South, is the
author of “The Forest Unseen: A Year’s Watch in Nature.” </p> </div>
<div class="">
</div>
</div>
<br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br><br><img src="http://users.moscow.com/waf/WP%20Fox%2001.jpg"><br>
</div>