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<div class="">March 17, 2013</div>
<h1>Tax Credits or Spending? Labels, but in Congress, Fighting Words</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/l/annie_lowrey/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by ANNIE LOWREY"><span>ANNIE LOWREY</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
WASHINGTON — In a low-income neighborhood in Bozeman, Mont., taxpayers
helped pay for the construction of a grocery store, Town and Country
Foods. They are doing the same in New Orleans, with federal dollars
helping to <a title="A related page from Nola.gov." href="http://www.nola.gov/HOME/FreshFoodRetailersInitiative/">build new groceries</a>, including a <a title="A New Orleans news release about the store." href="http://new.nola.gov/mayor/press-releases/2013/20130214-mayor-landrieu-announces-fresh-food-retai/">Whole Foods</a>, in an area still suffering after <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/h/hurricane_katrina/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about Hurricane Katrina." class="">Hurricane Katrina</a>. </p>
<p>
The Bozeman project relied on tax credits, while New Orleans is using
federal grant money. To economists — and to taxpayers — that makes no
real difference. “These are at some point arbitrary distinctions between
taxes and spending,” said Donald Marron, the director of the Tax Policy
Center, a nonpartisan Washington research group. </p>
<p>
But to Congress, it makes all the difference — and is something worth
fighting over. As lawmakers struggle to narrow the government’s deficit,
every dollar taken away from the block grant program used in New
Orleans counts as a budget cut. Every dollar taken away from the Bozeman
tax credit program — part of a vast array of so-called tax expenditures
that cost the federal government more than $1 trillion in lost revenue
every year — counts instead as a tax increase. </p>
<p>
In budget proposals put forward last week, both <a title="The Democrats’ budget proposal." href="http://budget.senate.gov/democratic/index.cfm/files/serve?File_id=c951a802-7600-4111-97c9-20bccc9c69d8">Democrats</a> and <a title="The Republicans’ budget proposal." href="http://budget.house.gov/fy2014/">Republicans</a>
called for scrubbing billions of dollars’ worth of the popular
deductions, loopholes, preferential rates and credits that litter the
tax code, mostly benefit higher-income taxpayers and often reflect undue
government interference in economic decisions. But the two sides are
sharply divided what should happen to any revenue raised. </p>
<p>
Senator Patty Murray of Washington State, the shepherd of the Senate
Democratic budget proposal, proposed raising nearly $1 trillion in new
revenue over the next 10 years by cutting tax expenditures and using the
money to reduce the deficit. The White House has said it supports her
plan. </p>
<p>
“We don’t often think of tax expenditures as a form of spending,”
Senator Murray said at a hearing this month. But, she said, “they
require us to make the same kinds of trade-offs that other forms of
government spending would, and lots of them.” </p>
<p>
In contrast, Representative Paul D. Ryan of Wisconsin, in the House
Republican budget, insisted that any money generated from curbing tax
expenditures must be offset with lower tax rates, so that overall
revenue remained the same. Republicans on the Senate Budget Committee
echoed that argument. “Eliminating tax exemptions is a tax increase,”
said Senator Jeff Sessions of Alabama. “You can’t spin it any other
way.” </p>
<p>
At the root of the bitter semantic back-and-forth is a simple truth:
every tax expenditure — and there are scores of them, used to encourage
employers to provide their workers with health care, to make houses more
energy-efficient, to aid timber cutters and much more — benefits a
certain group of taxpayers or a specific industry. And nobody wants to
give up anything. </p>
<p>
For instance, as part of the January deal to avoid the so-called fiscal cliff, stock car racetrack owners <a title="An article from the archives." href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/05/us/politics/owners-of-auto-racetracks-retain-a-tax-break.html">managed to secure</a>
an extension of a tax break that lets them write off investments in
their properties more quickly. That break — as lobbied for by Nascar
fans — will cost the government about $80 million over the next 10
years. </p>
<p>
In the corporate code, expenditures are “just a hidden, ersatz,
Soviet-style five-year plan,” said Edward Kleinbard, a longtime
Congressional tax expert now at the University of Southern California.
“We would never contemplate a world in which the government said, ‘We’re
going to write out checks to Nascar because it’s an important resource
and we’re going to pay for it!’ People would say, ‘They’re out of their
mind!’ ” </p>
<p>
Tax expenditures also make it harder to gauge the impact of the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/f/federal_budget_us/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="Recent and archival news about the federal budget." class="">federal budget</a>
on such crucial activities as housing and retirement security. For
instance, the home mortgage interest deduction costs the Treasury about
$100 billion a year in lost revenue, and effectively encourages the
mostly affluent families who itemize deductions to buy a more expensive
home. In contrast, the annual budget of the Housing and Urban
Development Department, which generally goes to aiding the poor, is less
than $50 billion. </p>
<p>
“If someone said, ‘Let’s have a voucher program on the spending side,
giving high-income families vouchers to subsidize their mortgages,’ ”
said Glenn Hubbard, the dean of Columbia Business School and a prominent
Republican economist, referring to the home mortgage interest
deduction, “I don’t think that would get through Congress.” </p>
<p>
Spending through the tax code has also proved harder to scale back than
spending through the regular appropriations process. Already, Congress
has cut more than $2 trillion from health spending and the domestic and
military budgets. It has hardly touched tax expenditures. For that
reason, lobbyists on Capitol Hill working for specific industries often
push for tax provisions, like credits, rather than straightforward
federal pork. </p>
<p>
“Spending embedded in the tax code is effectively funded before
discretionary spending is considered,” said the Government
Accountability Office in <a title="A report on tax expenditures (PDF)." href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d11318sp.pdf">one of several reports</a>
warning of the consequences of tax expenditures. “Congress lacks the
opportunity to regularly review their effectiveness.” </p>
<p>
As a result of their pervasiveness, many individuals, businesses and
communities have come to rely on tax expenditures, in some cases even
more than on traditional spending programs. The new-markets tax credit
used in Bozeman has helped pay for hospital wings, grocery stores, <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/f/food_banks/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about food banks and pantries." class="">food banks</a> and other projects. </p>
<p>
“This is such a catalytic program,” said Heidi DeArment, the vice
president of the Montana Community Development Corporation, which
assists tax credit projects in the state. “Every program goes through
the but-for test: But for this financing, this project wouldn’t exist.”
</p>
<p>
Ending or curtailing more widely used tax breaks would not just be
unpopular but could also destabilize certain parts of the economy. To
suddenly cut the home mortgage interest deduction, for example, might
damage the still-weak housing market. </p>
<p>
But cutting many tax expenditures would do the economy as a whole a lot
of good, economists argue, even lifting growth rates over the longer
term. And in the struggle to wrench down long-term deficits, both
Republicans and Democrats say they want to cut them. </p>
<p>
The White House and Democrats, for example, often take aim at tax breaks
that aid the oil and gas industry, or hedge fund managers. In general,
however, both sides have avoided getting specific. The two budget
proposals put out last week suggested hundreds of billions of dollars in
cuts, without committing to any particular ones. </p>
<p>
That is in part because threatening to take away a tax break often means
starting a fight with a powerful interest group. When House Republicans
and the White House contemplated curbing the deduction for charitable
giving as part of the tax standoff this winter, <a title="A related Times article." href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/business/charities-press-congress-to-save-tax-deductions.html">nonprofits lobbied furiously</a> on Capitol Hill and through the media. </p>
<p>
Experts say the most realistic prospects are for Congress instead to put
an overall cap on deductions, starting with higher-income families, or
to convert deductions into tax credits. “You can make a powerful case
that itemized deductions should simply be disallowed completely,” said
Mr. Kleinbard of the University of Southern California. “But that’s too
heavy a lift, and they’ll start smaller.” </p>
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