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<div class=""> </div></div><div id="opinionator"><div align="left"><span class="" title="2013-03-09T14:30:36+00:00">March 9, 2013, <span>2:30 pm</span></span><h3 class="">In the South and West, a Tax on Being Poor</h3><address class="">By <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/katherine-s-newman/" class="" title="See all posts by KATHERINE S. NEWMAN">KATHERINE S. NEWMAN</a></address><div class="">
<p>BALTIMORE</p><p>Debates
over the fairness of the tax code are as old as the federal income tax
itself. A cornerstone of the tax — established a century ago, by the
16th Amendment — has been the principle that those who make more should
pay more, while lower tax rates help the poor to support their families
and depend less on government benefits.</p><p>That social compact
shifted into high gear during the Nixon administration, which tried to
incentivize work by rewarding low-income households with a tax break
that became the nation’s most successful antipoverty tool ever: the
earned-income tax credit. Politicians of both parties have embraced the
credit, making it more progressive three times since it was enacted in
1975.</p><p>While the federal government has largely stuck by the
principle of progressive taxation, the states have gone their own ways:
tax policy is particularly regressive in the South and West, and more
progressive in the Northeast and Midwest. When it comes to state and
local taxation, we are not one nation under God. In 2008, the difference
between a working mother in Mississippi and one in Vermont — each with
two dependent children, poverty-level wages and identical spending
patterns — was $2,300.</p><p>These regional disparities go back to
Reconstruction, when Southern Republicans increased property taxes on
defeated white landowners and former slaveholders to pay for the first
public services — education, hospitals, roads — ever provided to black
citizens. After Reconstruction ended in 1877, conservative Democrats —
popularly labeled “the Redeemers” — rolled taxes back to their prewar
levels and inserted supermajority clauses into state constitutions to
ensure it could never happen again. Property taxes were frozen; income
taxes were held down; corporate taxes were almost nonexistent.</p><p>Practically
the only tax that could rise was the one that hurt the poor the most:
the sales tax. And rise it did, throughout the Deep South in the late
19th century, then spreading into the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida and
the rest of the region in the 1960s and 1970s. Even liberal politicians
weren’t able to buck the tide — just ask Bill Clinton, who as governor
of Arkansas urgently sought new revenue to improve his state’s ailing
schools and found the sales tax was the only politically viable option.</p><p>If
this were just a history lesson, we could set it aside. It isn’t. In
the last 30 years, these trends have only gotten worse. Southern states
have steadily increased the tax burden on their poorest citizens by
shifting the support of the public sector to sales taxes and fees for
public services. After California voters passed Proposition 13, which
capped property-tax increases, in 1978, Western states began to move in a
similar direction. Sales taxes on clothing and school supplies and fees
for bus fare and car registration take up, of course, a far bigger
slice of a poor household’s budget than they do from the rich.</p><p>Over
the same 30-year period, some Northeastern and Midwestern states moved
in the opposite direction. They mimicked the federal government by
passing their own earned-income tax credits (and making them refundable,
as the federal government has done, so that very low-income earners get
a check after filing their returns), preserved progressive state
income-tax rates, and either exempted food and other basics from sales
taxes or gave sales-tax rebates to low-income households. No Southern
state provides refunds to its poor citizens through the tax code, no
matter how little they earn.</p><p>There are many reasons to worry about
the growing regional divide. But even leaving aside basic fairness —
why should a poor child in the Northeast have greater life chances than
one in the South? — the divergence exacerbates poverty itself, driving
households deeper into distress and lowering social mobility.</p><p>For a
book published in 2011, my colleague Rourke L. O’Brien and I analyzed
the combined burden of sales tax, state and local income taxes on poor
households in 49 states, based on consumer expenditures, from 1982 to
2008. (We omitted Alaska because it offers oil-revenue-related rebates
to every household). We looked at the relationship between the total tax
burden on a poor family of three and state-level figures for mortality,
morbidity, teenage childbearing, dropping out of high school, property
crime and violent crime.</p><p>It turns out that after factoring out all
other explanations — like racial composition, poverty rates, the amount
spent on education or health care, the size of the state’s economy,
existing inequality levels, and differences in the cost of living — the
relationship between taxing the poor and negative outcomes like
premature death persisted. For every $100 increase on taxes at the
poverty line, we saw an additional 7 deaths and 78 property crimes per
100,000 people, and a quarter of a percentage point decrease in high
school completion.</p><p>Southern states have far higher rates of
strokes, heart disease and infant mortality than the rest of the
country. Students drop out of high school in larger numbers. These
outcomes are not just a consequence of a love of fried food or higher
poverty levels. Holding all those conditions constant, the poor of the
South — and increasingly the West — do worse because their states tax
them more heavily. They have less money to buy medication, so their
health problems get worse. High sales taxes make meals more expensive,
so they shift to cheaper, unhealthy food. If people can’t make ends
meet, they may turn to the underground economy or to crime.</p><p>This
self-defeating pattern has plagued the citizens of the “meaner states,”
the ones that tax poor people at a higher rate, for a long time. But it
is about to get worse. Governors in fiscally strapped states are hoping
to roll back state earned-income tax credits. Some — like Bobby Jindal
of Louisiana, Dave Heineman of Nebraska and Mary Fallin of Oklahoma —
are aiming to cut or even eliminate state income and corporate taxes and
raise sales taxes. North Carolina lawmakers are considering the same
thing.</p><p>Proponents say these moves will make their states more
economically competitive, bring back jobs, and attract high-income
residents. But economists who have studied the impact of raising taxes
on residential choices have found that tax rates don’t make much of a
difference. Employers represent a different story: they are attracted to
low-tax states, particularly if they don’t need high-skilled labor.
Accordingly, low-wage job opportunities have grown in the Cotton Belt
and the Sun Belt, and shrunk in the Rust Belt. There is something to be
said for this, if the goal is to replace the nonworking poor with the
working poor. But this is hardly a strategy for eradicating poverty
itself.</p><p>The fact is, the more the poor are taxed, the worse off
they are, whether they are working or not. We all pay a huge price for
this shortsightedness. Medicaid payments, food stamps, disability
benefits — all of these federal programs swoop in to try to patch up a
frayed safety net. Consequently, the Southern states reap more dollars
in federal benefits than they pay in taxes (like Mississippi, which saw a
net gain of $240 billion between 1990 and 2009), while the wealthier
states — which do more to take care of their own — lose out for every
dollar they pay (like New Jersey, which handed over a net of $706
billion over that same period). As noble as the federal effort to rescue
the poor in the “mean states” may be, it is not enough to reverse the
impact of regressive taxation.</p><p>There is a better way: increasing
taxes on luxury goods; exempting necessities like food, medicine and
children’s clothing from sales taxes; and perhaps most important,
issuing tax rebates and preserving refundable earned-income tax credits,
which put more money in the hands of low-income households. Since poor
families tend to spend all of what they take in, these protections would
stimulate the economy and preserve, or even expand, the job base.</p><p>The
states headed in the opposite direction are not only damaging the most
vulnerable of their citizens, but exacting a significant toll on
Americans in states with more progressive tax policies. We all pay for
the damage done when states try to solve their fiscal problems, or score
ideological points, on the backs of the poor.</p><p><em><a href="http://krieger.jhu.edu/about/leadership/newman.html">Katherine S. Newman</a>, a professor of sociology and the dean of the School of Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University, is the <a href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520269675">author</a>, with Rourke L. O’Brien, of “Taxing the Poor: Doing Damage to the Truly Disadvantaged.”</em></p>
</div></div></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br><br><img src="http://users.moscow.com/waf/WP%20Fox%2001.jpg"><br>
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