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<div class="">February 28, 2013</div>
<h1>Study of Ice Age Bolsters Carbon and Warming Link</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/justin_gillis/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by JUSTIN GILLIS"><span>JUSTIN GILLIS</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
A meticulous new analysis of Antarctic ice suggests that the sharp
warming that ended the last ice age occurred in lock step with increases
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the latest of many indications
that the gas is a powerful influence on the earth’s climate. </p>
<p>
Previous research suggested that as the world began to emerge from the
depths of the ice age about 20,000 years ago, warming in Antarctica
preceded changes in the global carbon dioxide level by something like
800 years. </p>
<p>
That relatively long gap led some climate-change contrarians to assert
that rising carbon dioxide levels were essentially irrelevant to the
earth’s temperature — a side effect of planetary warming, perhaps, but
not the cause. </p>
<p>
Mainstream climate scientists rejected that view and argued that carbon
dioxide, while it certainly did not initiate the end of the ice age,
played a vital role in the feedback loops that caused a substantial
warming. Still, a long gap between initial increases of temperature and
of carbon dioxide was somewhat difficult for the scientists to explain.
</p>
<p>
A wave of new research in the last few years has raised the likelihood that there was actually a small gap, if any. </p>
<p>
The latest <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6123/1060.abstract">paper</a>
was led by Frédéric Parrenin of the University of Grenoble, in France,
and is scheduled for publication on Friday in the journal Science. Using
relatively new, high-precision chemical techniques, his group sought to
reconstruct the exact timing of the events that ended the ice age.
</p>
<p>
Scientists have long known that ice ages are caused by variations in the
earth’s orbit around the sun. When an intensification of sunlight
initiates the end of an ice age, they believe, carbon dioxide is somehow
flushed out of the ocean, causing a big amplification of the initial
warming. </p>
<p>
Since the 1980s, scientists have been collecting a climate record by
extracting long cylinders of ice from the ice sheets in Greenland and
Antarctica, and from glaciers atop high mountains. </p>
<p>
Air bubbles trapped in the ice give direct evidence of the past
composition of the atmosphere. And subtle chemical variations in the ice
itself give an indication of the local temperature at the time it was
formed. </p>
<p>
The trouble is that air does not get sealed in the ice until hundreds or
even thousands of years after the snow has fallen, as it slowly gets
buried and compressed. </p>
<p>
That means the ice and the air bubbles trapped in it are not the same
age, so it becomes tricky for scientists to put reconstructed
atmospheric composition and reconstructed temperature onto a common time
scale. </p>
<p>
With its improved techniques, Dr. Parrenin’s group sought to clarify the
dating of previously recovered ice cores from Antarctica. Instead of
the 800-year lag between temperature and carbon dioxide increases found
in some previous research, their work suggests that the lag as the ice
age started to end was less than 200 years, and possibly there was no
lag at all. </p>
<p>
“Before, because of these wrong results of CO<sub>2</sub> lagging temperature, people were interpreting it as a weak role for CO<sub>2</sub> in the climate variation of the past,” Dr. Parrenin said. </p>
<p>
Indeed, though most climate scientists have never seen the supposed gap
as a major conceptual problem, it has been invoked repeatedly by
American politicians who want to delay action on <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="Recent and archival news about global warming." class="">global warming</a>. </p>
<p>
In 2007, for example, former Vice President Al Gore was testifying to
Congress about the science in his documentary “An Inconvenient Truth.”
He came under attack by Representative Joe L. Barton, a Texas
Republican. </p>
<p>
“CO<sub>2</sub> levels went up after the temperature rose,” Mr. Barton
said, citing a scientific paper from 2001. “The temperature appears to
drive CO<sub>2</sub>, not vice versa. On this point, Mr. Vice President, you’re not just off a little. You’re totally wrong.” </p>
<p>
The emerging evidence suggests that Mr. Gore was right. </p>
<p>
Richard B. Alley, a climate scientist at Pennsylvania State University
who was not involved in the new work, said by e-mail that it essentially
confirmed previous scientific understanding. </p>
<p>
“What this does, again and more clearly than ever, is to show that the
large temperature changes are tightly coupled to the large CO<sub>2</sub> changes,” he said. </p>
<p>
Dr. Parrenin’s paper is the third in recent years to suggest that the
gap in the climate records between polar temperature and CO<sub>2</sub>,
if it exists at all, is relatively small. And Jeremy Shakun, a visiting
scholar at Harvard, pointed out in a paper last year that the timing of
the temperature increase in Antarctica could not be assumed to be
representative of the world as a whole. When he compiled a global
temperature record for the end of the ice age, he found that increases
of carbon dioxide came first, and rising temperatures came second.
</p>
<p>
The tight relationship in past climate between temperature and carbon
dioxide is a major reason scientists have warned that modern society is
running a big risk by burning CO<sub>2</sub>-producing fossil fuels. </p>
<p>
The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has jumped 41 percent
since the Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, and
scientists fear it could double or triple unless stronger efforts are
made to control emissions. </p>
<p>
Even at the current concentration of the gas, the evidence suggests that
increases in sea level of 25 feet or more may have already become
inevitable, albeit over a long period. </p>
<p>
“We’re just entering a new era in earth’s history,” Dr. Shakun said. “It
will be an unrecognizable new planet in the future. I think the only
question is, exactly how fast does that transformation happen?” </p>
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