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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"></a>
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<div class="">February 27, 2013</div>
<h1>Our Debt, Ourselves</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span><span>ROBERT M. SOLOW</span></span></h6>
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LEXINGTON, Mass. </p>
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THE significance of America’s <a href="http://www.treasurydirect.gov/NP/BPDLogin?application=np">national debt</a>
is a serious question, but you would not know this from the current
political rhetoric, which consists mostly of vague apocalyptic warnings.
I want to present a calmer view, by emphasizing six facts about the
debt that many Americans may not be aware of. </p>
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<em>Roughly half of outstanding debt owed to the public, now $11.7 trillion, is owned by foreigners.</em>
This part of the debt is a direct burden on ourselves and future
generations. Foreigners are entitled to receive interest and principal
and can use those dollars to acquire goods and services produced here.
If our government had used borrowed money to improve infrastructure or
to improve the skills of workers, the resulting extra production would
have made repayment easier. Instead, over the last decade, it used the
money for wars and tax cuts. </p>
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<em>The Treasury owes dollars, America’s own currency (unlike Greece or Italy, whose debt is denominated in euros).</em>
So the Treasury can always make payments when due — unless it is
prevented from doing so by political blackmail over the statutory debt
limit, which is now due to be reached in May. Notwithstanding the
unprecedented credit-rating downgrade by Standard & Poor’s in 2011,
no foreign lenders realistically expect us to default. If they did, they
would be insisting on higher interest rates, which they aren’t. Of
course, if we were stupid enough to default even once, the cost of
borrowing would go much higher, for a long time. </p>
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<em>One way to effectively repudiate our debt is to encourage inflation.</em>
When prices rise, interest and principal are repaid in dollars that are
worth less than they were when they were borrowed. (This applies to
Treasury’s borrowing at home as well as abroad.) The Federal Reserve has
promised to keep buying bonds and to maintain near-zero interest rates
until unemployment eases, a strategy that some fear could lead to
uncontrolled inflation, though there is no indication so far that that
will happen. </p>
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<em>Treasury bonds owned by Americans are different from debt owed to foreigners.</em>
Debt owed to American households, businesses and banks is not a direct
burden on the future. Of course the payments of interest and principal
are a burden on current and future taxpayers, but they will ultimately
be received by American people and organizations, many of them
taxpayers. Some of our grandchildren would be paying off others of our
grandchildren; the result will be a net transfer from American taxpayers
to American bondholders. </p>
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<em>The real burden of domestically owned Treasury debt is that it soaks up savings that might go into useful private investment. </em>Savers
own Treasury bonds because they are seen as safe, default-free assets,
and the government can borrow at lower rates than corporations can. If
there were less debt, and fewer bonds for sale, savers seeking higher
returns would invest in corporate bonds or stocks instead. Business
investment would expand and be more profitable. </p>
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<em>But in bad times like now, Treasury bonds are not squeezing finance for investment out of the market.</em>
On the contrary, debt-financed government spending adds to the demand
for privately produced goods and services, and the bonds provide a home
for the excess savings. When employment returns to normal, we can return
to debt reduction. </p>
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In the long run we need a clear plan to reduce the ratio of publicly
held debt to national income. But for now the best chance to
reinvigorate the economy, spur business investment and encourage
consumer spending is through public borrowing and spending. Instead,
we’re heading into an ill-advised, across-the-board austerity program.
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<p> <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1987/solow-autobio.html">Robert M. Solow</a>, a Nobel laureate, is an <a href="http://mit150.mit.edu/infinite-history/robert-m-solow">emeritus professor of economics</a> at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. </p>
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