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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"></a>
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<div class="">February 20, 2013</div>
<h1>Who Will Mind the Drones?</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span><span>NEAL K. KATYAL</span></span></h6>
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WASHINGTON </p>
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IN the wake of revelations about the Obama administration’s drone
program, politicians from both parties have taken up the idea of
creating a “drone court” within the federal judiciary, which would
review executive decisions to target and kill individuals. </p>
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But the drone court idea is a mistake. It is hard to think of something
less suitable for a federal judge to rule on than the fast-moving and
protean nature of targeting decisions. </p>
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Fortunately, a better solution exists: a “national security court”
housed within the executive branch itself. Experts, not generalists,
would rule; pressing concerns about classified information would be
minimized; and speedy decisions would be easier to reach. </p>
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There is, of course, a role for federal courts in national security. In 2006, I argued and won <a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-184.ZS.html">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a>,
a Supreme Court case that struck down President George W. Bush’s use of
military tribunals at Guantánamo Bay. But military trials are a far cry
from wartime targeting decisions. </p>
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And the <a href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/courts_special_fisc.html">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a>,
which reviews administration requests to collect intelligence involving
foreign agents inside the country and which some have advocated as a
model for the drone court, is likewise appropriately housed within the
judicial system — it rules on surveillance operations that raise
questions much like those in Fourth Amendment “search and seizure”
cases, a subject federal judges know well. </p>
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But there is no true precedent for interposing courts into military
decisions about who, what and when to strike militarily. Putting aside
the serious constitutional implications of such a proposal, courts are
simply not institutionally equipped to play such a role. </p>
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There are many reasons a drone court composed of generalist federal
judges will not work. They lack national security expertise, they are
not accustomed to ruling on lightning-fast timetables, they are used to
being in absolute control, their primary work is on domestic matters and
they usually rule on matters after the fact, not beforehand. </p>
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Even the questions placed before the FISA Court aren’t comparable to
what a drone court would face; they involve more traditional
constitutional issues — not rapidly developing questions about whether
to target an individual for assassination by a drone strike. </p>
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Imagine instead that the president had an internal court, staffed by
expert lawyers to represent both sides. Those lawyers, like the Judge
Advocate General’s Corps in the military, would switch sides every few
years, to develop both expertise as repeat players and the ability to
understand the other point of view. </p>
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The adjudicator would be a panel of the president’s most senior national
security advisers, who would issue decisions in writing if at all
possible. Those decisions would later be given to the Congressional
intelligence committees for review. Crucially, the president would be
able to overrule this court, and take whatever action he thought
appropriate, but would have to explain himself afterward to Congress.
</p>
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Such a court would embed accountability and expertise into the drone
program. With a federal drone court, it would simply be too easy for a
president or other executive-branch official to point his finger at a
federal judge for the failure to act. With an internal court, it would
be impossible to avoid blame. </p>
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It’s true that a court housed within the executive branch might sound
nefarious in today’s “Homeland” culture — if Alexander Hamilton
celebrated the executive, in <a href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=16">Federalist No. 70</a>,
for its “decision, activity, secrecy and dispatch,” some now look at
those same qualities with skepticism, if not fear. </p>
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In contrast, advocates of a drone court say it would bring independent,
constitutional values of reasoned decision making to a process that is
inherently murky. </p>
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But simply placing a drone court in the judicial branch is not a
guaranteed check. The FISA Court’s record is instructive: between 1979
and 2011 it rejected only 11 out of more than 32,000 requests — making
the odds of getting a request rejected, around 1 in 3,000, approximately
the same as those of <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0623_040623_lightningfacts.html">being struck by lightning in one’s lifetime</a>.
What reason does the FISA Court give us to think that judges are better
than specialists at keeping executive power in check? </p>
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The written decisions of an internal national security court, in
contrast, would be products of an adversarial system (unlike the FISA
Court), and later reviewed by Congressional intelligence committees. If
members of Congress saw troublesome trends developing, it could push
legislation to constrain the executive. That is something a federal
judge cannot do. </p>
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One of our Constitution’s greatest virtues is that it looks to judges as
a source of reasoned, practical, rights-minded decision making. But
judges should be left to what they know. A national security court
inside the executive branch may not be a perfect solution, but it is a
better way to balance the demands of secrecy and speed with those of
liberty and justice. </p>
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<p> <a href="http://www.law.georgetown.edu/faculty/katyal-neal-k.cfm">Neal K. Katyal</a>, a former acting solicitor general, is a professor of national security law at Georgetown and a <a href="http://www.hoganlovells.com/neal-katyal/">partner</a> at the law firm Hogan Lovells. </p>
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