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<div class="">February 15, 2013</div>
<h1>The Myth of the Rich Who Flee From Taxes</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/james_b_stewart/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by JAMES B. STEWART"><span>JAMES B. STEWART</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
Last month, Vladimir V. Putin hugged his newly minted fellow Russian
citizen, the actor Gerard Depardieu, posing for cameras at the Black Sea
port of Sochi. “I adore your country,” Mr. Depardieu gushed —
especially its 13 percent flat tax on personal income. </p>
<p>
Sochi may not be St. Tropez, but it does have winter temperatures in the
60s and even palm trees. Mr. Putin’s deputy prime minister confidently
predicted a “mass migration of wealthy Europeans to Russia.” </p>
<p>
Here in the United States, the three-time Masters champion Phil
Mickelson recently walked off the 18th hole at Humana Challenge and said
he might move from California because the state increased its top
income tax rate to 13.3 percent from 10.3 percent. </p>
<p>
“Hey Phil,” Gov. Rick Perry of Texas <a title="The message on Mr. Perry’s Twitter page. " href="https://twitter.com/GovernorPerry/status/293444316632846337">wrote in a Twitter message</a>,
“Texas is home to liberty and low taxes ... we would love to have you
as well!!” Tiger Woods later said that he had left California for
Florida for just that reason years ago. Mr. Mickelson can “vote with his
Gulfstream,” a <a title="The editorial. " href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323940004578258011541487142.html">Wall Street Journal editorial noted</a>, and warned California to “expect a continued migration.” </p>
<p>
It’s an article of faith among low-tax advocates that income tax
increases aimed at the rich simply drive them away. As Stuart Varney put
it on Fox News: “Look at what happened in Britain. They raised the top
tax rate to 50 percent, and two-thirds of the millionaires disappeared
in the next tax year. Same things are happening in France. People are
leaving where the top tax rate is 75 percent. Same thing happened in
Maryland a few years ago. New millionaire’s tax, the millionaires
disappeared. You’ve got exactly the same thing in California.” </p>
<p>
That, at least, is what low-tax advocates want us to think, and on its
face, it seems to make sense. But it’s not the case. It turns out that a
large majority of people move for far more compelling reasons, like
jobs, the cost of housing, family ties or a warmer climate. At least
three recent academic studies have demonstrated that the number of
people who move for tax reasons is negligible, even among the wealthy.
</p>
<p>
Cristobal Young, an assistant professor of sociology at Stanford,
studied the effects of recent tax increases in New Jersey and
California. </p>
<p>
“It’s very clear that, over all, modest changes in top tax rates do not
affect millionaire migration,” he told me this week. “Neither tax
increases nor tax cuts on the rich have affected their migration rates.”
</p>
<p>
The notion of tax flight “is almost entirely bogus — it’s a myth,” said
Jon Shure, director of state fiscal studies at the Center on Budget and
Policy Priorities, a nonprofit research group in Washington. “The
anecdotal coverage makes it seem like people are leaving in droves
because of high taxes. They’re not. There are a lot of low-tax states,
and you don’t see millionaires flocking there.” </p>
<p>
Despite the allure of low taxes, Mr. Depardieu hasn’t been seen in
Russia since picking up his passport and seems to be hedging his bets by
maintaining a residence in Belgium. Meanwhile, Russian billionaires are
snapping up trophy properties in high-tax London, New York and Beverly
Hills, Calif. </p>
<p>
“I don’t hear about many billionaires moving to Moscow,” said Robert
Tannenwald, a lecturer in economic policy at Brandeis University and
former Federal Reserve economist. Along with Nicholas Johnson, he and
Mr. Shure are co-authors of “<a title="Executive summary of the paper." href="http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3556">Tax Flight Is a Myth</a>,” a 2011 research paper. </p>
<p>
Of course, some people do move for tax reasons, especially wealthy
retirees, athletes and other celebrities without strong ties to high-tax
locations, like jobs and families. In renouncing his French
citizenship, Mr. Depardieu follows other French celebrities, the chef
Alain Ducasse, the singer Johnny Hallyday and Yannick Noah, a former
tennis star. Several Paris hedge fund managers have decamped to London
and the fashion mogul Bernard Arnault applied for Belgian citizenship,
though not, he has said, for tax reasons. </p>
<p>
Stars like Mr. Depardieu and Mr. Mickelson certainly have incentives to
move. Mr. Depardieu complained that he paid 85 percent of his income in
taxes in France last year and has paid 145 million euros over 45 years.
France has a top rate of 41 percent as well as a wealth tax, and the
Socialist president, François Hollande, is trying to impose a temporary
surcharge of 75 percent on incomes over 1 million euros. Mr. Mickelson
earned more than $60 million last year, Sports Illustrated estimates,
which means the three-percentage-point California tax increase could add
up to an additional $1.8 million in tax. </p>
<p>
Gregory Mankiw, an economist at Harvard, said that tax rates did affect
migration, at least of certain groups. “Rich people can pretty much live
anywhere,” he said. “If you’re a retired person trying to decide
between Palm Beach and Santa Barbara, the tax difference between Florida
and California is huge. If you’re an academic choosing between Stanford
and Harvard, it might be a factor.” (Massachusetts has a flat income
tax rate of 5.3 percent.) </p>
<p>
For this affluent and mobile group, it doesn’t much matter where their
official residence is. Mr. Mickelson and Mr. Woods travel the tournament
circuit throughout the year. Very wealthy people often have multiple
homes in different locations, even different countries, and can shuttle
among them to avoid local taxes. One reason so many luxury apartments in
Manhattan sit empty is that their foreign owners can’t spend more than
half the year in them without incurring United States income tax
liability. </p>
<p>
A star like Mr. Depardieu “can go to Paris whenever he wants,” Mr. Shure
noted. Professor Tannenwald agreed. “People who are very rich, who are
retired or who aren’t tied to a particular location, do change their
residency at a high rate based on tax differentials.” </p>
<p>
But there aren’t many people like that. “Tax-induced flight is rare,”
Professor Tannenwald said. “The rate of interstate migration is low to
begin with. To the extent that people leave a state, or shun a potential
destination, they do so primarily for other reasons, such as to find
more affordable housing, better job prospects or a more attractive
climate.” </p>
<p>
Low-tax advocates like Mr. Varney point to Maryland as a prime example
of tax flight. Maryland created a millionaire tax bracket in 2008 with a
top rate of 6.25 percent. But a year later, the state reported that the
number of millionaires filing returns had dropped by a third, and that
total tax revenue from the group fell despite the rate increase. After a
chorus of media criticism — “<a title="Link to the article." href="http://washingtonexaminer.com/millionaires-flee-maryland-taxes/article/99092">Millionaires flee Maryland taxes</a>” (The Washington Examiner) and “<a title="Link to the editorial." href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124329282377252471.html">Millionaires Go Missing</a>” (The Wall Street Journal) — the state legislature let the increase expire in 2011. </p>
<p>
But a <a title="Link to the study." href="http://bit.ly/eVsHx0">study by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a>,
a nonprofit research group in Washington, found that nearly all the
decline in millionaires was the result of a drop in incomes largely
attributable to the stock market plunge and recession, and not to
migration — “down and not out,” as the study put it. </p>
<p>
In 2009, just 364 people in the millionaire bracket moved from Maryland
or died (the data didn’t distinguish between the two) — about the same
percentage who disappeared in 2007, before any tax increase. And in
2009, more than 1,500 taxpayers entered the millionaire rolls, either
because they earned more or moved to Maryland that year. That data
“directly contravenes the notion that changes in tax policy were
discouraging the affluent from working hard and earning substantial sums
of money, or driving them out of the state altogether,” the study
concluded. </p>
<p>
Professor Young said his study looked at every millionaire tax record
filed in California over the last 20 years, and “neither tax increases
nor tax cuts on the rich have affected their migration rates.” He said
that the two major tax overhauls before the recent increase didn’t have
any effect on migration rates of millionaires. “Among the very richest,
people making more than $2 million, out-migration actually declined
slightly after the 2005 millionaire tax,” he said. </p>
<p>
Why didn’t they move? Professor Young said that for most people, even
the very affluent, it’s not that easy, since most successful businesses
and high-paying jobs are tied to specific locations. In addition,
“entrepreneurship and earning power are clustered in highly competitive
regions like Silicon Valley, Los Angeles and New York City,” he said.
“People making over a million are typically close to their peak income
years, and are enjoying the fruits of long-term career investments. This
is hard to walk away from.” </p>
<p>
His research in New Jersey found that, while some people left, any lost
revenue was more than made up for by added revenue from people who
stayed. He estimated that New Jersey’s 2004 tax increase on incomes over
$500,000 raised nearly $1 billion a year, “with little cost in terms of
tax flight.” </p>
<p>
Mr. Shure added, “I can say flatly that no state has ever raised taxes and lost money.” </p>
<p>
Yet the tax flight myth remains surprisingly persistent, fanned by media
coverage of celebrities, who are among those most likely to have the
means and motive to choose a home based on tax considerations. “You can
always find an anecdote.” Mr. Shure said. “Many people want this to be
true as a way to discourage tax increases. The rich are always trying to
find ways to make the middle class make their arguments for them.”
</p>
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<p><span class="">This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:</span></p><p><strong>Correction: February 15, 2013</strong></p><p><span class=""></span></p><p>An
earlier version of this column misstated Mr. Depardieu’s citizenship.
He has applied for residency in Belgium; he is not a citizen of that
nation. The earlier version also misidentified the golf tournament at
which the golfer Phil Mickelson said he might move from California to
escape its taxes. It was the Humana Challenge, not Pebble Beach.</p>
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