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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" align="left" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"></a>
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<div class="">February 12, 2013</div>
<h1>New Pope? I’ve Given Up Hope</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span><span>GARRY WILLS</span></span></h6>
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<p>
THERE is a poignant air, almost wistful, to electing a pope in the
modern world. In a time of discredited monarchies, can this monarchy
survive and be relevant? There is nostalgia for the assurances of the
past, quaint in their charm, but trepidation over their survivability.
In monarchies, change is supposed to come from the top, if it is to come
at all. So people who want to alter things in Catholic life are told to
wait for a new pope. Only he has the authority to make the changeless
church change, but it is his authority that stands in the way of change.
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<p>
Of course, the pope is no longer a worldly monarch. For centuries he was
such a ruler, with all the resources of a medieval or Renaissance
prince — realms, armies, prisons, spies, torturers. But in the 19th
century, when his worldly territories were wrested away by Italy, <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/462365/Pius-IX">Pope Pius IX</a> lunged toward a compensatory moral monarchy. </p>
<p>
In 1870, he elicited — from a <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/r/roman_catholic_church/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about the Roman Catholic Church." class="">Vatican</a>
council he called and controlled — the first formal declaration that a
pope is infallible. From that point on, even when he was not making
technically infallible statements, the pope was thought to be dealing in
eternal truths. A gift for eternal truths is as dangerous as the gift
of Midas’s touch. The pope cannot undo the eternal truths he has
proclaimed. </p>
<p>
When Pope Paul VI’s commission of learned and loyal Catholics, lay and
clerical, reconsidered the “natural law” teaching against birth control,
and concluded that it could not, using natural reason, find any grounds
for it, Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, the secretary of the Holy Office,
told Paul that people had for years, on papal warrant, believed that
using a contraceptive was a mortal sin, for which they would go to hell
if they died unrepentant. On the other hand, those who followed “church
teaching” were obliged to have many children unless they abstained from
sex. How could Paul VI say that Pius XI, in his 1930 encyclical <a href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en.html">Casti Connubii</a>,
had misled the people in such a serious way? If he admitted it, what
would happen to his own authority as moral arbiter in matters of heaven
and hell? So Paul VI doubled down, adding another encyclical in 1968, <a href="http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en.html">Humanae Vitae</a>, to the unrenounceable eternal truths that pile up around a moral monarch. </p>
<p>
In our day, most Catholics in America have reached the same conclusion
that Paul VI’s commission did. But successive popes have stuck by Pius
and Paul and have appointed bishops who demonstrate loyalty on this
matter. That is why some American bishops in the recent presidential
election said that President Obama was destroying “religious liberty” if
his health plan insured funds for contraception. Nonetheless, more
Catholics voted for Mr. Obama than didn’t. In a normal government, this
disconnect between rulers and ruled would be negotiated. But eternal
truths are nonnegotiable. </p>
<p>
Wistful Catholics hope that on this and other matters of disagreement between the <a href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p2.htm">church as People of God</a>
and the ruling powers in the church, a new pope can remedy that
discord. But a new pope will be elected by cardinals who were elevated
to office by the very popes who reaffirmed “eternal truths” like the
teaching on contraception. They were appointed for their loyalty, as
were the American bishops who stubbornly upheld the contraception
nonsense in our elections. </p>
<p>
Will the new conclave vote for a man who goes against the teachings of
his predecessors? Even if they do, can the man chosen buck the structure
through which he rose without kicking the structure down? These
considerations have given the election of new popes the air of watching
Charlie Brown keep trying to kick the football, hoping that Lucy will
cooperate. </p>
<p>
As this election approaches, some hope that the shortage of priests, and
their damaged reputation and morale, can be remedied by adding married
priests, or women priests, or gay priests. But that misses the point.
Whatever their sexual status, they will still be priests. They will not
be chosen by their congregations (as was the practice in the early
church). They will be appointed from above, by bishops approved for
their loyalty to Rome, which will police their doctrinal views as it has
with priests heretofore. The power structure will not be changed by
giving it new faces. Monarchies die hard. </p>
<p>
In 1859, John Henry Newman published an article that led to his
denunciation in Rome as “the most dangerous man in England.” It was
called “<a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/newman-faithful.asp">On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine</a>”
and it showed that in history the laity had been more true to the
Gospel than the hierarchy. That was an unacceptable position to Rome. It
still is. <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/benedict_xvi/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Benedict XVI." class="">Pope Benedict XVI</a>,
when he was still Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, was asked if it did not
disturb him that Catholics disagreed with the rulings of Rome. He said
no — that dogma is not formed by majority rule. But that is precisely
how it was formed in the great councils like that at <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/sbrandt/nicea.htm">Nicaea</a>,
where bishops voted to declare dogmas on the Trinity and the
Incarnation. There was no pope involved in those councils. Yet they
defined the most important truths of the faith. </p>
<p>
Jesus, we are reminded, said to Peter, “You are Peter, and upon this
rock I will build my church.” But Peter was addressed as a faithful
disciple, not as a priest or a pope. There were no priests in Peter’s
time, and no popes. Paul never called himself or any of his co-workers
priests. He did not offer sacrifice. Those ideas came in later, through
weird arguments contained in the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews. The
claim of priests and popes to be the sole conduits of grace is a remnant
of the era of papal monarchy. We are watching that era fade. But some
refuse to recognize its senescence. Such people will run peppily up,
like Charlie Brown, to the coming of a new pope. But Lucy, as usual,
still holds the football. </p>
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<p>Garry Wills is the author, most recently, of “Why Priests? A Failed Tradition.” </p> </div>
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<br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br><br><img src="http://users.moscow.com/waf/WP%20Fox%2001.jpg"><br></div>