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<div class=""> </div></div><div id="dealbook"><div align="left"><span class="" title="2013-02-06T08:10:49+00:00">February 6, 2013, <span>8:10 am</span></span><h3 class="">Royal Bank of Scotland Settles Case on Rigging</h3>
<address class="">By <a href="http://dealbook.nytimes.com/author/ben-protess/" class="" title="See all posts by BEN PROTESS">BEN PROTESS</a> <span>and</span> <a href="http://dealbook.nytimes.com/author/mark-scott/" class="" title="See all posts by MARK SCOTT">MARK SCOTT</a></address><div class="">
<p>A
campaign to root out financial fraud secured a victory on Wednesday, as
authorities took aim at the Royal Bank of Scotland for its role in an
interest rate manipulation scheme that has emboldened prosecutors and
consumed the banking industry.</p><p>American and British authorities
struck a combined $612 million settlement with the bank, the latest case
to emerge from the global investigation into rate-rigging. The Justice
Department dealt another blow to the bank, forcing its Japanese unit to
plead guilty to criminal wrongdoing.</p><p> The penalty for the
subsidiary, a hub of rate manipulation, underscores a recent shift in
the way federal authorities punish financial wrongdoing. The R.B.S. case
echoed an earlier action taken against a <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=UBS&inline=nyt-org">UBS</a>
subsidiary, which similarly pleaded guilty to felony wire fraud as part
of a larger settlement. These cases represent the first units of a big
bank to agree to criminal charges in more than a decade.</p><p>"I want
financial institutions to know that this department will absolutely hold
them to account," Lanny Breuer, head of the Justice Department's
criminal division, said in an interview Wednesday.</p><p>Some of the
world's largest financial institutions remain caught in the cross hairs
of the rate manipulation case, an investigation that could drag on for
years. Authorities suspect that more than a dozen banks falsified
reports to influence benchmarks like the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/l/london_interbank_offered_rate_libor/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier">London Interbank Offered Rate</a>, or Libor, which underpins the costs for trillions of dollars in financial products like mortgages and credit cards.</p>
<p>A
person involved in the investigation indicated that the first banks to
settle were among the worst actors in the rate case. But they also
received a "discount" for their eager cooperation, according to people
with knowledge of the matter.</p><p>That approach raises the prospect that remaining banks could face high-priced settlements.</p><p><a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=DB&inline=nyt-org">Deutsche Bank</a>,
which set aside an undisclosed amount to cover potential penalties and
suspended five employees tied to the case, is expected to settle with
authorities in late 2013, several people briefed on the matter said. But
the timetable could shift. The bank is not in formal settlement talks
and is not prepared to resolve the case, the people said.</p><p>While foreign banks have borne the brunt of the scrutiny, an American institution could be among the next to settle. <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=C&inline=nyt-org">Citigroup</a> and <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=JPM&inline=nyt-org">JPMorgan Chase</a> are under investigation by the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/c/commodity_futures_trading_commission/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a>, the American regulator leading the case, though actions are not imminent.</p>
<p>The
R.B.S. action concluded a first phase of rate-rigging investigations
for authorities, who are now planning to take a brief hiatus from filing
cases. The next case is not expected until spring at the earliest, two
of the people briefed on the matter said.</p><p>Some bank executives,
fearful that fallout from the case will stain their firms, are pushing
for a broad deal encompassing multiple institutions. But authorities are
balking at a "global settlement," people involved in the case say,
arguing that investigations are proceeding at different stages and
involve widely varying fact patterns.</p><p>As regulators continue to
pursue actions, prosecutors are planning charges against traders
involved in the scheme. The first charges came last year when the
Justice Department filed actions against two former UBS traders.</p><p>"Our investigation is far from finished," Mr. Breuer said.</p><p>The
rate-rigging case has centered on how much banks charge each other for
loans. Such figures form the basis of Libor and other rates. But banks
corrupted the process. Government complaints filed over the last year
outlined a scheme in which banks reported false rates to lift trading
profits.</p><p>Authorities announced the first Libor case in June, extracting a $450 million settlement with the British bank <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=BCS&inline=nyt-org">Barclays</a>.
In December, UBS agreed to a record $1.5 billion settlement with
authorities. The Justice Department also secured the guilty plea from
one of the bank's subsidiaries.</p><p>Royal Bank of Scotland, based in
Edinburgh, had aimed to avert the guilty plea for its Japanese
subsidiary, people involved in the case said. But the Justice
Department's criminal division declined to back down, and the bank had
little leverage to push back. It decided not to formally appeal its case
to Attorney General <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/eric_h_holder_jr/index.html?inline=nyt-per">Eric H. Holder Jr.</a>, another person said.</p><p>With
fines coming from multiple authorities, the $612 million case amounted
to the second-largest penalty levied in the multiyear investigation into
rate manipulation. "The settlement with R.B.S. is much more than a slap
on the wrist," argued Bart Chilton, a member of the trading commission
who is critical of soft fines on big banks.</p><p>The settlement
represents the latest setback for Royal Bank of Scotland, which has
struggled to shake the legacy of the 2008 financial crisis. The British
firm, which is majority-owned by the government after a bailout, already
has put aside $2.7 billion to compensate customers who were
inappropriately sold loan insurance in recent years.</p><p>Since the
financial crisis, the bank has shaken up its management team and
refocused its operations, as part of an effort to repair its bruised
image. On Wednesday, it announced plans to claw back bonuses to help pay
for the latest settlement.</p><p>At a news conference in London on
Wednesday, Stephen Hester, the bank's chief executive, admitted that the
rate-rigging episode significantly strained the bank. "It is one of the
most difficult moments over the entire period," he said.</p><p>As
authorities stitched together the R.B.S. case, they seized on a series
of colorful e-mails that highlighted an effort to influence the
rate-setting process, a plot that spanned multiple currencies and
countries from 2006 to 2010. One Royal Bank of Scotland trader mused in a
2007 message how the process was becoming a "cartel," adding "its just
amazing how libor fixing can make you that much money."</p><p>The
wrongdoing spread broadly, authorities say, noting that Royal Bank of
Scotland "aided and abetted" UBS and other firms. A senior official at
the Justice Department's antitrust unit, Scott D. Hammond, contends that
the bank "secretly rigged" interest rates.</p><p>A UBS trader, the
department said, once asked a co-worker to "have a word with" another
bank about Libor submissions. The UBS trader, Thomas Hayes, who was
recently charged by the Justice Department with fraud, indicated that he
had already approached R.B.S. for help.</p><p>The government complaints
also portray a permissive culture that allowed rate-rigging to persist
for four years. David Meister, the enforcement director of the trading
commission, declared that "the environment was ripe for manipulation at
R.B.S."</p><p>The bank's own records captured the scheme in striking
detail, revealing how traders pressured other employees to submit
certain rates. Submitters and traders sat in earshot of each other in
London, forming what authorities termed a "cozy ring." The bank
eventually separated the employees, who then moved to make additional
requests via instant messages.</p><p>To persuade employees who submitted
Libor rates, some traders promised affection. Others offered steak and
sushi. One trader resorted to begging, invoking a plea of "pretty
please." Another trader, after pressuring a colleague to submit a
certain rate, offered a reward of sorts: "I would come over there and
make love to you."</p><p>When authorities began scrutinizing the bank,
the traders adopted a more covert approach. In 2010, a Libor submitter
rebuffed an instant message request to influence rates. But then the
submitter called the trader to explain "we're not allowed to have those
conversations" over instant message.</p><p>The employees laughed,
according to a transcript of the call, and the submitter reassured the
trader that he would fulfill the request: "Leave it with me, and uh, it
won't be a problem."</p></div></div></div>See Comments:<br><a href="http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/as-unit-pleads-guilty-r-b-s-pays-612-million-over-rate-rigging/?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20130207">http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/as-unit-pleads-guilty-r-b-s-pays-612-million-over-rate-rigging/?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20130207</a><br clear="all">
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