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<div class=""> </div></div><div id="dealbook"><div align="left"><span class="" title="2013-02-04T14:38:20+00:00">February 4, 2013, <span>2:38 pm</span></span><h3 class="">U.S. Accuses S.&P. of Fraud in Suit on Loan Bundles</h3>
<address class="">By <a href="http://dealbook.nytimes.com/author/andrew-ross-sorkin/" class="" title="See all posts by ANDREW ROSS SORKIN">ANDREW ROSS SORKIN</a> <span>and</span> <a href="http://dealbook.nytimes.com/author/mary-williams-walsh/" class="" title="See all posts by MARY WILLIAMS WALSH">MARY WILLIAMS WALSH</a></address><div class="">
<p>The Justice Department filed civil fraud charges late on Monday against the nation's largest credit-ratings agency, <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/standard_and_poors/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Standard & Poor's</a>,
accusing the firm of inflating the ratings of mortgage investments and
setting them up for a crash when the financial crisis struck.</p><p>The
suit, filed in federal court in Los Angeles, is the first significant
federal action against the ratings industry, which during the boom years
reaped record profits as it bestowed gilt-edged ratings on complex
bundles of home loans that quickly went sour. The high ratings made many
investments appear safer than they actually were, and are now seen as
having contributed to a crisis that brought the financial system and the
broader economy to its knees.</p><p>More than a dozen state prosecutors
are expected to join the federal suit, and the New York attorney
general is preparing a separate action. The <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/s/securities_and_exchange_commission/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> has also been investigating possible wrongdoing at S.& P.</p>
<p>
From September 2004 through October 2007, S.&P. "knowingly and with
the intent to defraud, devised, participated in, and executed a scheme
to defraud investors" in certain mortgage-related securities, according
to the suit filed against the agency and its parent company, <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=MHP&inline=nyt-org">McGraw-Hill Companies</a>.
S.&P. also falsely represented that its ratings "were objective,
independent, uninfluenced by any conflicts of interest," the suit said.</p><p>S.&
P., first contacted by federal enforcement officials three years ago,
said in a statement Monday in anticipation of the suit that it had acted
in good faith in issuing the ratings.</p><p>"A D.O.J. lawsuit would be
entirely without factual or legal merit," it said, adding that its
competitors had given exactly the same ratings to all the securities it
believed to be in question.</p><p>Settlement talks between S.& P.
and the Justice Department broke down in the last two weeks after
prosecutors sought a penalty in excess of $1 billion and insisted that
the company admit wrongdoing, several people with knowledge of the talks
said. That amount would wipe out the profits of McGraw-Hill for an
entire year. S.& P. had proposed a settlement of around $100
million, the people said.</p><p>S.& P. also sought a deal that would
allow it to neither admit nor deny guilt; the government pressed for an
admission of guilt to at least one count of fraud, said the people.
S.& P. told prosecutors it could not admit guilt without exposing
itself to liability in a multitude of civil cases.</p><p>It was unclear whether state and federal authorities were looking at the other two major ratings agencies, <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/moodys_corporation/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Moody's Investors Service</a> and <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/fitch_ratings_inc/index.html?inline=nyt-org">Fitch</a>.</p>
<p>A spokesman for <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=MCO&inline=nyt-org">Moody's</a>
declined to comment. A spokesman for Fitch, Daniel J. Noonan, said the
agency could not comment on an action that appeared to focus on Standard
& Poor's, but added, "we have no reason to believe Fitch is a
target of any such action."</p><p>The case against S.& P. focuses on about 40 <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/collateralized-debt-obligations/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier">collateralized debt obligations</a>,
or C.D.O.'s, an exotic type of security made up of bundles of mortgage
bonds, which in turn were composed of individual home loans. The
securities were created at the height of the housing boom. S.& P.
was paid fees of about $13 million for rating them.</p><p>Prosecutors
have uncovered troves of e-mails written by S.& P. employees, some
of them expressing strong concern about the way such securities were
being rated. The firm gave the government more than 20 million pages of
e-mails as part of its investigation, the people with knowledge of the
process said.</p><p>Since the financial crisis in 2008, the ratings
agencies' business practices have been widely criticized and questions
have been raised as to whether independent analysis was corrupted by
Wall Street's push for profits.</p><p>A Senate investigation made public
in 2010 found that S.& P. and Moody's used inaccurate rating models
from 2004 to 2007 that failed to predict how high-risk mortgages would
perform; allowed competitive pressures to affect their ratings; and
failed to reassess past ratings after improving their models in 2006.</p><p>The
companies failed to assign adequate staff to examine exotic
investments, and failed to take mortgage fraud, lax underwriting and
"unsustainable home price appreciation" into account in their models,
the inquiry found.</p><p>"Rating agencies continue to create an even
bigger monster - the C.D.O. market," one S.& P. employee wrote in an
internal e-mail in December 2006. "Let's hope we are all wealthy and
retired by the time this house of card falters."</p><p>Another S.&
P. employee wrote in an instant message the next April, reproduced in
the complaint: "We rate every deal. It could be structured by cows and
we would rate it."</p><p>The three major ratings agencies are typically
paid by the issuers of the securities they rate - in this case, the
banks that had packaged the mortgage-backed securities and wanted to
market them. The investors were not involved in the process but depended
on the rating agencies' assessments.</p><p>Although the three agencies
tend to track one another, each has its own statistical methods for
assessing the likelihood that C.D.O.s and residential mortgage-backed
securities, or R.M.B.S., will default. That has led to speculation that
S.& P. analysts knew their method yielded unrealistic ratings, but
issued the ratings anyway.</p><p>"As S.&P. knew, contrary to its
representations to the public, S.&P.'s desire for increased revenue
and market share in the RMBS and CDO ratings markets, and its resulting
desire to maintain and enhance its relationships with issuers that drove
its ratings business, improperly influenced S.&P. to downplay and
disregard the true extent of the credit risks," the suit says.</p><p>In
its statement on Monday, S.& P. said it had begun stress-testing the
mortgage-backed securities it rated as early as 2005, trying to see how
they would perform in a severe market downturn. S.& P. said it had
also sent out early warning signals, downgrading hundreds of
mortgage-backed securities, starting in 2006. Nor was it the only one to
have underestimated the coming crisis, it said - even the Federal
Reserve's open market committee believed that any problems within the
housing sector could be contained.</p><p>The Justice Department, the
company said, "would be wrong in contending that S.& P. ratings were
motivated by commercial considerations and not issued in good faith."</p><p>For
many years, the ratings agencies have defended themselves successfully
in civil litigation by saying their ratings were independent opinions,
protected by the First Amendment, which guarantees the right to free
speech. Developments in the wake of the financial crisis have raised
questions about the agencies' independence however. For example, one
federal judge, <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/shira_a_scheindlin/index.html?inline=nyt-per">Shira A. Scheindlin</a>,
ruled in 2009 that the First Amendment did not apply in a lawsuit over
ratings issued by S.& P. and Moody's, because the mortgage-backed
securities at issue had not been offered to the public at large. Judge
Scheindlin also agreed with the plaintiffs, who argued the ratings were
not opinions, but misrepresentations, possibly the result of fraud or
negligence.</p><p>The federal action will be the first time a
credit-rating agency has been charged under a 1989 law intended to
protect taxpayers from frauds involving federally insured financial
institutions, which since the financial crisis has been used against a
number of federally insured banks, including <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=WFC&inline=nyt-org">Wells Fargo</a>, <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=BAC&inline=nyt-org">Bank of America</a> and <a href="http://dealbook.on.nytimes.com/public/overview?symbol=C&inline=nyt-org">Citigroup</a>.</p>
<p>The
government is taking a novel approach by accusing S.& P. of
defrauding a federally insured institution and therefore injuring the
taxpayer.</p><p>Among others, the compliant includes the demise of
Wescorp, a federally insured credit union in Los Angeles that went
bankrupt after investing in mortgage securities rated by S.& P.
Wescorp is included as one example of the contended fraud, and as a way
to bring the case in California. The suit was filed in Federal District
Court for the Central District of California.</p><p><em>Michael J. de la Merced contributed reporting.</em></p></div></div></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br>
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