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<div class="">February 3, 2013</div>
<h1>Fresh Questions Over a Bank of America Settlement</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/gretchen_morgenson/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by GRETCHEN MORGENSON"><span>GRETCHEN MORGENSON</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/bank_of_america_corporation/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More information about Bank of America Corporation" class="">Bank of America</a> has long rued its decision in 2008 to acquire Countrywide Financial, the subprime <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/your-money/loans/mortgages/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about mortgages." class="">mortgage</a>
giant. To date, the bank has set aside some $40 billion to settle
claims of mortgage misconduct that occurred before it acquired the
freewheeling lender. </p>
<p>
It has been a regular refrain at Bank of America. Last month, Brian T.
Moynihan, the bank’s chief executive, told Bloomberg television at the
World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, that carrying Countrywide
was like climbing a mountain with “a 250-pound backpack.” </p>
<p>
But according to new documents filed in state Supreme Court in Manhattan
late on Friday, questionable practices by the bank’s loan servicing
unit have continued well after the Countrywide acquisition; they paint a
picture of a bank that continued to put its own interests ahead of
investors as it modified troubled mortgages. </p>
<p>
The documents were submitted by three <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/f/federal_home_loan_banks/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Federal Home Loan Banks." class="">Federal Home Loan Banks</a>,
in Boston, Chicago and Indianapolis, and Triaxx, an investment vehicle
that bought mortgage securities. They contend that a proposed $8.5
billion settlement that Bank of America struck in 2011 to resolve claims
over Countrywide’s mortgage abuses is far too low and shortchanges
thousands of ordinary investors. </p>
<p>
The filing raises new questions about whether a judge will approve the
settlement. If it is denied, the bank would face steeper legal
obligations. </p>
<p>
Lawrence Grayson, a spokesman for Bank of America, denied the bank was putting its own interests ahead of investors. </p>
<p>
“Modifying mortgages for homeowners in severe distress is critical to
the ongoing economic recovery and is encouraged by the government at all
levels,” he said. “It is difficult to see how federally regulated
entities like the Federal Home Loan Banks would seek to attack that
practice which helps families to stay in their homes and in no way
violated the contracts at issue.” </p>
<p>
Among the new details in the filing are those showing that Bank of
America failed to buy back troubled mortgages in full once it had
lowered the payments and principal on the loans — an apparent violation
of its agreements with investors who bought the securities that held the
mortgages. </p>
<p>
An analysis of real estate records across the country, the filing said,
showed that Bank of America had modified more than 134,000 loans in such
securities with a total principal balance of $32 billion. </p>
<p>
Even as the bank’s <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/your-money/loans/loan-modifications/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about loan modifications." class="">loan modifications</a>
imposed heavy losses on investors in these securities, the documents
show, Bank of America did not reduce the principal on second mortgages
it owned on the same properties. The owner of a home equity line of
credit is typically required to take a loss before the holder of a first
mortgage. </p>
<p>
By slashing the amount the borrower owes on the first mortgage, Bank of
America increases the potential for full repayment of its home equity
line. Bank of America carried $116 billion in <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/your-money/loans/home-equity-loans/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about home equity loans." class="">home equity loans</a> on its books at the end of the third quarter of 2012. </p>
<p>
The filing contains three examples of such modifications, all from 2010, well after the Countrywide purchase. </p>
<p>
One example shows investors suffering a loss of more than $300,000 on a
$575,000 loan made in 2006. In May 2010, Bank of America reduced the
principal owed on a first mortgage to $282,000, but at the same time,
real estate records showed, Bank of America’s $110,000 home equity line
of credit on the property remained intact and unmodified. </p>
<p>
Another example indicates that Bank of America kept its $170,000 home
equity line intact on a property while modifying the first mortgage held
by investors. In that case, the investors took a $395,000 loss. </p>
<p>
Bank of America, the filing noted, “may have engaged in self-dealing and
other misconduct, including in connection with modifications to first
lien loans held by the Trusts where BofA or Countrywide held second lien
loans on the same subject properties.” </p>
<p>
Triaxx conducted the analysis by combing through the thousands of loans
administered by Bank of America in 530 securities issued by Countrywide
from 2005 through 2007. Triaxx then ran the loans through an extensive
database it has created of every real estate transaction conducted
across the United States during the last decade. </p>
<p>
“We’re confident that our approach will be successful for investors and
that the facts speak for themselves,” said Thomas Priore, founder of ICP
Capital, who is overseeing the Triaxx analysis. “These are just a few
examples of the negligence we found.” </p>
<p>
Triaxx’s loan analysis has been accepted in another mortgage suit
involving claims against Residential Capital, the bankrupt mortgage
company that is a unit of Ally Financial. Investor recoveries in that
case, being heard in bankruptcy court in Manhattan, will be based in
part on Triaxx’s work. </p>
<p>
In the aftermath of the financial crisis, investors in mortgage
securities have had difficulty identifying improper loan modifications
and other servicer abuses like those described in this filing. Servicers
have kept under wraps the detailed loan data that could point to these
kinds of practices and have forced investors to sue to get access to
these files. </p>
<p>
Included in their court filing was a letter Triaxx and the other
investors wrote to Bank of New York Mellon, the trustee that was hired
to oversee the Countrywide securities to ensure that investors in them
were treated fairly. The investors asked Bank of New York Mellon to
explain why it had not pursued claims against Bank of America relating
to the modifications on behalf of investors in the Countrywide
securities. </p>
<p>
Kevin Heine, a spokesman for Bank of New York Mellon said in a
statement: “As trustee, we have complied with our duties under the
agreements and will follow any direction the court issues in connection
with the letter.” </p>
<p>
The letter and the underlying analysis were filed in New York State
Supreme Court where Justice Barbara R. Kapnick is overseeing the $8.5
billion settlement reached in June 2011 by Bank of America and a handful
of Countrywide mortgage securities holders. That settlement, which
covers the same 530 Countrywide securities examined by Triaxx, would
generate roughly 2 cents on the dollar to the investors who agreed to
it. When the securities were sold, they contained loans totaling some
$425 billion. </p>
<p>
The investors include the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and Pimco
and BlackRock, two large asset management companies. Bank of New York
Mellon has also agreed to the settlement, releasing Bank of America from
any future claims by investors trying to recoup their losses. </p>
<p>
“Despite its knowledge of the Trusts’ Loan Modification Claims,” the
letter said, “the Trustee agreed to release such claims in the
Settlement, apparently without any investigation of the extent or merit
of such claims, and without any compensation for the Trusts with respect
to such claims.” </p>
<p>
Mr. Priore said: “We’re mystified how other managers would allow these
institutions to ignore their responsibility when it has such a
significant impact on investors.” </p>
<p>
Trustees have been reluctant to take action against servicers on behalf
of the investors in mortgage securities. Such actions would be costly,
according to those in the industry, and would reduce profits in what is
already a low-margin business. But this has left investors to fend for
themselves with little information. </p>
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