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<div class="">January 24, 2013</div>
<h1>Armed Forces in Canada Resolved Issue Long Ago</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/ian_austen/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by IAN AUSTEN"><span>IAN AUSTEN</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
OTTAWA — When Sheila A. Hellstrom first joined the Royal Canadian Air
Force in 1954, she was limited to one of three roles: nurse, dietitian
or administrator. As the decades passed, she would become the first
Canadian woman to reach the rank of general and the Canadian military
would integrate women into combat roles. </p>
<p>
On Thursday, Brigadier General Hellstrom, who retired a year after a
human rights tribunal ordered the full integration of women in the
Canadian military in 1989, said that the debate following the Pentagon’s
decision to allow women into combat was both familiar and frustrating.
</p>
<p>
“People are bringing up the issues we had to deal with then,” said
General Hellstrom, who is 77. “We have shown here that we can do it.”
</p>
<p>
Opening the Canadian military to women followed a protracted debate, but
the questions over the suitability of women as combat troops have now
all but faded from the nation’s collective memory. </p>
<p>
“It doesn’t even enter into conversation anymore,” said Capt. Jaime
Phillips, a female artillery officer who commanded not only Canadian men
but male American and Afghan combat troops in Afghanistan. “It’s just
so ingrained in my generation that it seems silly to hear the same old
arguments again.” </p>
<p>
Those arguments included concerns about battlefield fraternization,
worries about the difficulty of providing field accommodations, and
fears that male soldiers might feel compelled to protect female soldiers
at the expense of military objectives. While Captain Phillips and
others inside and outside the Canadian military now view those
objections as outdated and disproved, reaching that point was not an
easy process. </p>
<p>
The move to allow women into combat roles in <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/canada/index.html?inline=nyt-geo" title="More news and information about Canada." class="">Canada</a> began with <a title="Royal Commission on the Status of Women" href="http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/dates/roycom/index-eng.html">recommendations</a>
issued in 1970 by a government commission that conducted a sweeping
examination of the place of women in Canada. The military started with a
series of trials to see what combat roles were suited for women. Lt.
Col. Shirley M. Robinson, a nurse in the Royal Canadian Air Force who
was deputy director of women personnel at the time, said the trials were
more of a stalling exercise to put off integrating women, a move that
the military leadership opposed. </p>
<p>
“Those trials should never have happened,” she said. “Women had already been out there in harm’s way.” </p>
<p>
As the military delayed, and an internal report recommended allowing
combat roles for women only in a relatively small number of helicopter
squadrons, four people, three men and one woman, took advantage of
Canada’s relatively new Charter of Rights and Freedoms to launch a
formal challenge. The tribunal’s 1989 ruling opened all combat roles to
women except for those in submarines. That restriction vanished in 2001.
</p>
<p>
Colonel Robinson, who retired from the military to consult with the
tribunal before returning as a civilian consultant, said that the record
since then has been largely positive. “We did not lower standards,” she
said. “We put appropriate standards on every job in the armed forces.
It had nothing to do with gender. A lot of men can’t meet the standards
either.” </p>
<p>
Women make up <a title="Canadian Armed Forces recruiting page" href="http://www.forces.ca/en/page/women-92">about 12 percent of the total military force</a>
but Canada’s Department of National Defense did not disclose how many
of them are in combat roles. A study presented in late 2011 by Krystel
Carrier-Sabourin, a doctoral student at the Royal Military College in
Kingston, Ontario, found that 310 women filled combat roles in
Afghanistan between 2001 and 2011. </p>
<p>
Captain Phillips, who is now an adjutant at an artillery school in New
Brunswick, said that she found herself commanding soldiers from both the
United States and Afghanistan. </p>
<p>
“They were not used to it, that’s for sure,” she said of those troops.
“You could tell it was a curiosity for them and they were of the mind of
‘that’s fine for you guys but it’s not our way’.” Nevertheless, Captain
Phillips said that her orders were always obeyed and she was never the
subject of overt hostility. </p>
<p>
Cpl. Katie Hodges, whose time with an infantry unit in Afghanistan was partly documented for the film <a title="Sisters in Arms site" href="http://sistersinarms.ca/film-subjects/corporal-katie-hodges/">“Sisters in Arms,”</a> said that it is important to note that combat roles are voluntary for both men and women in the Canadian military. </p>
<p>
“I went because I wanted to,” she said. “I wanted to be in the exact opposite of an office job.” </p>
<p>
During her training and once she was deployed to Afghanistan, Corporal
Hodges shared sleeping accommodations with men, like all women in the
infantry. The only time she experienced separate quarters, she said, was
when she went down to an American military base for joint training. In
the Canadian military, only showers are segregated by gender. </p>
<p>
Corporal Hodges, who is now a military photographer stationed at a base
northwest of Toronto, is among those surprised that there has been any
controversy in the United States about including women in combat roles.
</p>
<p>
“It’s hard to believe that there is a such a draconian attitude,” she
said. “I certainly don’t want to sound offensive but the U.S. is far
behind.” </p>
<p>
Afghanistan is also notable for another waypoint in the history of women
in the Canadian military. On May 17, 2006, Capt. Nichola Goddard, an
artillery officer, was in a light armored vehicle when it was hit by two
rocket-propelled grenades. She was the first female member of the
Canadian military to die in combat. </p>
<p>
Her father, Tim Goddard, an educator who lives in Charlottetown, Prince
Edward Island, said that he believes she partly joined the military
because a recruiter at her high school only directed his attention to
the boys. </p>
<p>
Mr. Goddard rejected the argument that women should not be placed in combat roles to shield them from harm. </p>
<p>
“I can assure you that a mother misses a son as much as a father grieves
for a daughter,” he said. “Grief has no gender.” </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="">This article has been revised to reflect the following correction:</span></p><p><strong>Correction: January 25, 2013</strong></p><p><span class=""></span></p><p>An
earlier version of this article misstated Capt. Jaime Phillips’s
position at an artillery school in New Brunswick. She is an adjutant,
not an adjunct.</p></div></div><br><div><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br><br><img src="http://users.moscow.com/waf/WP%20Fox%2001.jpg"><br>
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