<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto"><div><p class="opintag" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "><disposition style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Syllabus</disposition></p><p class="nameplate" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "><nameplate style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES</nameplate></p><hr style="width: 128px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; "><p class="docket" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; font-weight: bold; "><casenumber style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">410 U.S. 113</casenumber></p><h3 class="sylcta" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "><font size="3"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Roe v. Wade</span></font></h3><h4 class="sylctb" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; font-variant: small-caps; "><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS</span></h4><hr width="20%" style="width: 128px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; "><center style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><span class="docketno">No. 70-18</span> Argued: <span class="date">December 13, 1971</span> --- Decided: <span class="date">January 22, 1973</span></span></center><hr width="20%" style="width: 128px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; "><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">A pregnant single woman (Roe) brought a class action challenging the constitutionality of the Texas criminal abortion laws, which proscribe procuring or attempting an abortion except on medical advice for the purpose of saving the mother's life. A licensed physician (Hallford), who had two state abortion prosecutions pending against him, was permitted to intervene. A childless married couple (the Does), the wife not being pregnant, separately attacked the laws, basing alleged injury on the future possibilities of contraceptive failure, pregnancy, unpreparedness for parenthood, and impairment of the wife's health. A three-judge District Court, which consolidated the actions, held that Roe and Hallford, and members of their classes, had standing to sue and presented justiciable controversies. Ruling that declaratory, though not injunctive, relief was warranted, the court declared the abortion statutes void as vague and overbroadly infringing those plaintiffs' Ninth and <a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-const?amendmentxiv" class=""><b>Fourteenth Amendment</b></a> rights. The court ruled the Does' complaint not justiciable. Appellants directly appealed to this Court on the injunctive rulings, and appellee cross-appealed from the District Court's grant of declaratory relief to Roe and Hallford.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><i style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Held:</i></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">1. While <a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-usc-cite/28/1253" class=""><b>28 U.S.C. ยง 1253</b></a> authorizes no direct appeal to this Court from the grant or denial of declaratory relief alone, review is not foreclosed when the case is properly before the Court on appeal from specific denial of injunctive relief and the arguments as to both injunctive and declaratory relief are necessarily identical. P. 123.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2. Roe has standing to sue; the Does and Hallford do not. Pp. 123-129.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">(a) Contrary to appellee's contention, the natural termination of Roe's pregnancy did not moot her suit. Litigation involving pregnancy, which is "capable of repetition, yet evading review," is an exception to the usual federal rule that an actual controversy <a name="pg_114">[p114]</a> must exist at review stages, and not simply when the action is initiated. Pp. 124-125.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">(b) The District Court correctly refused injunctive, but erred in granting declaratory, relief to Hallford, who alleged no federally protected right not assertable as a defense against the good faith state prosecutions pending against him.</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><i>Samuels v. Mackell,</i><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-us-cite/401/66" class=""><b>401 U.S. 66</b></a><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">. Pp. 125-127.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">(c) The Does' complaint, based as it is on contingencies, any one or more of which may not occur, is too speculative to present an actual case or controversy. Pp. 127-129.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">3. State criminal abortion laws, like those involved here, that except from criminality only a life-saving procedure on the mother's behalf without regard to the stage of her pregnancy and other interests involved violate the Due Process Clause of the</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct-cgi/get-const?amendmentxiv" class=""><b>Fourteenth Amendment</b></a><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">, which protects against state action the right to privacy, including a woman's qualified right to terminate her pregnancy. Though the State cannot override that right, it has legitimate interests in protecting both the pregnant woman's health and the potentiality of human life, each of which interests grows and reaches a "compelling" point at various stages of the woman's approach to term. Pp. 147-164.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">(a) For the stage prior to approximately the end of the first trimester, the abortion decision and its effectuation must be left to the medical judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician. Pp. 163, 164.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">(b) For the stage subsequent to approximately the end of the first trimester, the State, in promoting its interest in the health of the mother, may, if it chooses, regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. Pp. 163, 164.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">(c) For the stage subsequent to viability the State, in promoting its interest in the potentiality of human life, may, if it chooses, regulate, and even proscribe, abortion except where necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. Pp. 163-164; 164-165.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">4. The State may define the term "physician" to mean only a physician currently licensed by the State, and may proscribe any abortion by a person who is not a physician as so defined. P. 165.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">5. It is unnecessary to decide the injunctive relief issue, since the Texas authorities will doubtless fully recognize the Court's ruling</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><a name="pg_115"><b>[p115]</b></a><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">that the Texas criminal abortion statutes are unconstitutional. P. 166.</span></p><p class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 64px; margin-right: 64px; "><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">BLACKMUN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and DOUGLAS, BRENNAN, STEWART, MARSHALL, and POWELL, JJ., joined. BURGER, C.J.,</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><i>post,</i><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">p. 207, DOUGLAS, J.,</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><i>post,</i><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">p. 209, and STEWART, J.,</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><i>post,</i><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">p. 167, filed concurring opinions. WHITE, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which REHNQUIST, J., joined,</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><i>post,</i><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">p. 221. REHNQUIST, J., filed a dissenting opinion,</span><i>post,</i><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); ">p. 171.</span><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); "> </span><a name="pg_116">[p116]</a></p><br><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">-------------------------------------</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">Seeya round town, Moscow, because . . .</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; ">"Moscow Cares"</div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><a href="http://www.MoscowCares.com">http://www.MoscowCares.com</a></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "> </div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><div>Tom Hansen</div><div>Moscow, Idaho</div><div><br></div><div>"<span style="font-size: medium; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); ">There's room at the top they are telling you still</span><span style="font-size: medium; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); "> </span></div><span style="font-size: medium; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); ">But first you must learn how to smile as you kill </span><br style="font-size: medium; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); "><span style="font-size: medium; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.296875); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469); ">If you want to be like the folks on the hill."</span></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><font size="3"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469);"><br></span></font></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><font size="3"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.292969); -webkit-composition-fill-color: rgba(175, 192, 227, 0.230469); -webkit-composition-frame-color: rgba(77, 128, 180, 0.230469);">- John Lennon<br></span></font><div> </div></div></div><div style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; "><br><br></div></body></html>