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<div class="">January 15, 2013</div>
<h1>Warning Signs of Violent Acts Often Unclear</h1>
<h6 class="">By
<span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/benedict_carey/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by BENEDICT CAREY"><span>BENEDICT CAREY</span></a></span> and <span>
<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/anemona_hartocollis/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by ANEMONA HARTOCOLLIS"><span>ANEMONA HARTOCOLLIS</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
No one but a deeply disturbed individual marches into an elementary
school or a movie theater and guns down random, innocent people. </p>
<p>
That hard fact drives the public longing for a mental health system that
produces clear warning signals and can somehow stop the violence. And
it is now fueling a surge in legislative activity, in Washington and New
York. </p>
<p>
But these proposed changes and others like them may backfire and only reveal how broken the system is, experts said. </p>
<p>
“Anytime you have one of these tragic cases like Newtown, it’s going to
expose deficiencies in the mental health system, and provide some
opportunity for reform,” said <a href="http://www.law.virginia.edu/lawweb/faculty.nsf/FHPbI/1146996">Richard J. Bonnie</a>,
a professor of public policy at the University of Virginia’s law school
who led a state commission that overhauled policies after the 2007
Virginia Tech shootings that left 33 people dead. “But you have to be
very careful not to overreact.” </p>
<p>
New York State legislators on Tuesday passed a gun bill that would
require therapists to report to the authorities any client thought to be
“likely to engage in” violent behavior; under the law, the police would
confiscate any weapons the person had. </p>
<p>
And in Washington, lawmakers said that President Obama was considering a
range of actions as part of a plan to reduce gun violence, including
more sharing of records between mental health and law enforcement
agencies. </p>
<p>
The White House plan to make use of mental health data was still taking
shape late Tuesday. But several ideas being discussed — including the
reporting provision in the New York gun law — are deeply contentious and
transcend political differences. </p>
<p>
Some advocates favored the reporting provision as having the potential
to prevent a massacre. Among them was D. J. Jaffe, founder of the <a href="http://mentalillnesspolicy.org/">Mental Illness Policy Org</a>.,
which pushes for more aggressive treatment policies. Some mass killers
“were seen by mental health professionals who did not have to report
their illness or that they were becoming dangerous and they went on to
kill,” he said. </p>
<p>
Yet many patient advocates and therapists strongly disagreed, saying it
would intrude into the doctor-patient relationship in a way that could
dissuade troubled people from speaking their minds, and complicate the
many judgment calls therapists already have to make. </p>
<p>
The New York statute requires doctors and other mental health
professionals to report any person who “is likely to engage in conduct
that would result in serious harm to self or others.” </p>
<p>
Under current ethical guidelines, only involuntary hospitalizations (and
direct threats made by patients) are reported to the authorities. These
reports then appear on a federal background-check database. The new
laws would go further. </p>
<p>
“The way I read the new law, it means I have to report voluntary as well
as involuntary hospitalizations, as well as many people being treated
for suicidal thinking, for instance, as outpatients,” said <a href="http://asp.cumc.columbia.edu/facdb/profile_list.asp?uni=psa21&DepAffil=Psychiatry">Dr. Paul S. Appelbaum</a>,
director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia
University’s medical school. “That is a much larger group of people than
before, and most of whom will never be a serious threat to anyone.”
</p>
<p>
One fundamental problem with looking for “warning signs” is that it is
more art than science. People with serious mental disorders, while more
likely to commit aggressive acts than the average person, account for
only about 4 percent of violent crimes over all. </p>
<p>
The rate is higher when it comes to rampage or serial killings, closer
to 20 percent, according to Dr. Michael Stone, a New York forensic
psychiatrist who has a database of about 200 mass and serial killers. He
has concluded from the records that about 40 were likely to have had
paranoid schizophrenia or severe depression or were psychopathic,
meaning they were impulsive and remorseless. </p>
<p>
“But most mass murders are done by working-class men who’ve been jilted,
fired, or otherwise humiliated — and who then undergo a crisis of rage
and get out one of the 300 million guns in our country and do their
thing,” Dr. Stone said. </p>
<p>
The sort of young, troubled males who seem to psychiatrists most likely
to commit school shootings — identified because they have made credible
threats — often do not qualify for any diagnosis, experts said. They
might have elements of paranoia, of deep resentment, or of narcissism, a
grandiose self-regard, that are noticeable but do not add up to any
specific “disorder” according to strict criteria. </p>
<p>
“The really scary ones, you have a gut feeling right away when you talk
to them,” said Dr. Deborah Weisbrot, director of the outpatient clinic
of child and adolescent psychiatry at Stony Brook University, who has
interviewed about 200 young people, mostly teenage boys, who have made
threats. “What they have in common is a kind of magical thinking, odd
beliefs like they can read other people’s minds, or see the future, or
that things happening in their dreams come true.” </p>
<p>
Even if such instincts could be relied on, the mental health system is
so fragmented in the country that it is hard to know whether the
information would get to the right person in time. According to Dr.
Bonnie, the Virginia law professor, the Virginia Tech gunman was ordered
to outpatient treatment by a judge more than a year before his rampage
but was never hospitalized, which would have shown up on a background
check. </p>
<p>
The state database now includes such cases, after the reforms. “But
we’re a state that has a centralized database like that; in many states
there’s no one place to get it all; it’s all kept locally, community by
community,” Dr. Bonnie said. </p>
<p>
The federal background check database, which is supposed to have updated
information from states, has only a patchwork, because of the wide
variety of state laws on reporting, experts said. Even if it were
entirely up to date, it would not catch the many millions who never see a
mental health professional despite deep distress. </p>
<p>
Some experts, like Dr. Appelbaum, say the Connecticut school shooting
offers the kind of opportunity that only comes once every generation or
two: to rethink the entire mental health system. It might include
appointing a presidential commission; re-envisioning community mental
health care; focusing more on vigilance for problems in young people,
and reducing stigma. </p>
<p>
“It seems to me an opportunity to step back and rethink what the entire system should look like,” Dr. Appelbaum said. </p>
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