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<div class="">January 8, 2013</div>
<h1>The Market and Mother Nature</h1>
<h6 class="">By
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<a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/opinion/editorialsandoped/oped/columnists/thomaslfriedman/index.html" rel="author" title="More Articles by THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN"><span>THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN</span></a></span></h6>
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<p>
Whenever I hear the word “cliff,” I am reminded of something that
President Obama’s science adviser, John Holdren, used to say about how
we need to respond to climate change because no one can predict when it
might take a disruptive, nonlinear turn. “We are driving toward a cliff
in a fog,” said Holdren about the climate, and that’s always a good time
“to start tapping on the brakes.” Indeed, when you think about how much
financial debt we’ve built up in the market and how much carbon debt
we’ve built up in the atmosphere, the wisest thing we could do as a
country today is to start tapping on the brakes by both emitting less
carbon to bend the emissions curve down and racking up less debt to bend
our debt-to-G.D.P. curve down. Unfortunately, we are still doing
neither. </p>
<p>
Indeed, we are actually taunting the two most powerful and merciless forces on the planet, the market and Mother Nature, <em>at the same time</em>.
We’re essentially saying to both of them: “Hey, what’ve you got, baby?
No interest rate rises? A little bitty temperature increase? That’s all
you’ve got?” I just hope we get our act together before the market and
Mother Nature each show us what they’ve got. </p>
<p>
Let’s look at the huge carbon and financial deficits we’re amassing. For
thousands of years up to the dawn of the industrial age 200 years ago,
the Earth’s atmosphere contained 280 parts per million of the
heat-trapping greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Today, that number is
nearly 400 p.p.m., with 450 p.p.m. routinely cited as the tipping point
where we create the conditions for out-of-control acceleration. Melting
the permafrost in Alaska, Canada and Siberia, for example, would release
massive amounts of carbon that would further increase global warming.
Permafrost is packed with CO2 and frozen methane, which is 25 times more
potent a greenhouse gas than CO2. “If the tundra continues melting,”
says Hal Harvey, the chief executive of Energy Innovation, “we could
basically release the equivalent of all the carbon that all humanity has
emitted from the start of history to now.” That would really send
temperatures soaring, ice melting and sea levels rising. </p>
<p>
We’re on a similar trajectory with our debt. Mounting deficits have
driven America’s debt-to-G.D.P. ratio from 36.2 percent in 2007 to 72.8
percent today. In their widely hailed book on credit crises, “This Time
Is Different,” the economists Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff argue
that countries that allow their debt-to-G.D.P. ratios to exceed 90
percent experience slower growth and greater instability — much like
hitting a climate tipping point. Indeed, they note, those who would
point to low interest rates today as some kind of “all-clear” for more
debt “should remember that market interest rates can change like the
weather.” </p>
<p>
There is another striking parallel. At some point, when we allow so much
carbon to build up in the atmosphere, our mightiest efforts to cut
emissions through energy efficiency, conservation and new technologies
will only enable us to stay in place. They won’t be able bend the curve
downward anymore. And 450 p.p.m. is not a place we want to get stuck.
And, at some point, the debt will get so large that big tax increases
and spending cuts will simply go to pay interest. We also won’t be able
to bend that curve anymore, and spending on infrastructure, education
and the poor will vanish. </p>
<p>
I am struck by how many liberals insist on reducing carbon emissions
immediately, but, on the deficit, say there is no urgency because no
interest rates rises are in sight. And I am struck by how many
conservatives insist we must reduce the deficit immediately, but, on
climate, say there is no urgency because, so far, temperature rise has
been slight. (Although 2012 was the hottest year on record in the
continental U.S.) One reason interest rates are so low is that they are
being suppressed by the Federal Reserve’s quantitative easing. That
won’t last. As for the climate, well, “Mother Nature doesn’t do
quantitative easing,” said Harvey. Beware of nonlinear moves in both.
</p>
<p>
We can’t go off coal overnight, and we can’t go into recession by
cutting spending overnight, but we need to start tapping on the brakes
in both realms by agreeing on spending cuts, tax increases and new
investments that would be phased in as the economy improves, as well as
higher efficiency standards for power plants, buildings, vehicles and
appliances that would be phased in, too. </p>
<p>
A carbon tax would reinforce and make both strategies easier. According
to a September 2012 study by the Congressional Research Service, a small
carbon tax of $20 per ton — escalating by 5.6 percent annually — could
cut the projected 10-year deficit by roughly 50 percent (from $2.3
trillion down to $1.1 trillion). </p>
<p>
What would you rather do to help solve our fiscal problem: Give up your
home mortgage deduction and wait two more years for Social Security and
Medicare, or pay a little extra for gasoline and electricity? These will
be our choices. I’d rather pay the little carbon tax, especially since
it would clean up the air for our kids, drive innovation and make us
less dependent on the most unstable region in the world: the Middle
East. </p>
<p>
How could a carbon tax not be on the table today? </p>
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