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<div class="timestamp">November 12, 2012</div>
<h1>The Fiscal Delusion</h1>
<h6 class="byline">By
<span><span>ROBERT E. RUBIN</span></span></h6>
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<p>
NOW that the election is over, Washington’s attention is consumed by the
looming combination of automatic spending cuts and tax increases known
as “the fiscal cliff.” That combination poses risks, including economic
contraction and erosion of confidence in government. But it also offers a
chance to address our unsustainable and dangerous fiscal trajectory.
</p>
<p>
Much of the current energy around establishing sound fiscal conditions
is focused on plans that theoretically would both contribute revenue to
deficit reduction and significantly reduce individual income tax rates.
Though hugely appealing, that’s a tall order. </p>
<p>
These plans rely on reducing or eliminating many tax deductions,
exclusions and the like, known collectively as tax expenditures.
Reducing tax expenditures to pay for both lower personal income tax
rates and deficit reduction may seem like a politically attractive
alternative to raising tax rates or cutting entitlements or other
spending. </p>
<p>
However, many of these tax expenditures are important and popular policy
programs on which people now rely. They include the deductibility of
mortgage interest, charitable contributions and the exclusion from
income of employer-provided health insurance. Some tax expenditures
should be cut back and reformed. But when the substantive effects and
political realities of large-scale reductions are examined, it becomes
clear that there would not be sufficient savings to reduce tax rates and
also cut the deficit. </p>
<p>
Not long ago, a former senior official involved in the federal budget
process told me that various senators used to meet with him periodically
and argue for reducing tax expenditures. He would say that was a good
idea, and then go down the list of large tax expenditures. At each one,
the senator would say, “Oh no, we can’t do that,” and at some point the
senator would repeat his proposition and the conversation would end.
</p>
<p>
The nonpartisan Congressional Research Service examined the full range
of existing tax expenditures and concluded that, “Given the barriers to
eliminating or reducing most tax expenditures, it may prove difficult to
gain more than $100 billion to $150 billion” a year. But most plans
based on reducing tax deductions and other expenditures project revenues
of three to four times that amount. And the 1986 Tax Reform Act, cited
as an example of lowering rates through tax expenditure reductions
(called base broadening), left all of the major individual tax
expenditures largely unchanged. </p>
<p>
The plans that reduce both tax rates and deficits, like the impressive
work by the Simpson-Bowles commission, have served a great public
service — raising awareness of our fiscal risks, bringing Democrats and
Republicans together, providing a framework aimed at stabilizing debt at
an acceptable level, and recognizing the need for substantial revenue
increases and spending cuts. </p>
<p>
However, these same plans also pose a serious risk to achieving the very
objective they seek. If we invest too much time and effort pursuing
plans that ultimately prove undesirable and unworkable, we may go down a
road that leads nowhere. Then we would be forced to search for a new
solution when it will almost surely be too late. In effect, we will have
pursued the policy equivalent of a wild-goose chase only to discover
that, to mix metaphors, the tax expenditure goose doesn’t have enough
golden eggs. </p>
<p>
Advocates of extensive tax expenditure reduction argue — correctly —
that all deficit reduction choices involve substantive costs and are
politically difficult. They then suggest that, when compared to other
possibilities, substantially more cuts may be doable than the
Congressional research numbers suggest. </p>
<p>
Maybe, but I think that’s unlikely when compared to the alternative of
restoring the topmost tax brackets to their Clinton-era level. </p>
<p>
<span style="color:rgb(255,0,0)"><b><font size="4">Raising tax rates for those with the highest incomes challenges the
supply-side proposition that even moderately higher rates would hurt
growth. President Bill Clinton’s 1993 deficit reduction plan increased
income tax rates for roughly the top 1.2 percent of incomes. Opponents
said this would lead to recession. Instead, we had enormous job creation
and the longest economic expansion in our history. </font></b></span></p>
<p><font size="4">
</font>A recent report by the Hamilton Project, an economic policy project on
whose advisory council I serve, reviewed 23 studies of the impact of
tax-rate changes on the propensity to work and found that most of them
concluded there was no meaningful effect. Tax expenditure reductions, on
the other hand, will not raise nearly the revenues needed for
sufficient deficit reduction without increasing taxes on the middle
class significantly and are likely to disrupt important social and
economic goals, though many economists don’t acknowledge that. </p>
<p>
When you compare raising the marginal rates for roughly 2 million
Americans to phasing out health insurance exclusions that would affect
150 million Americans — even if some reform should be done — I don’t
think it’s a close call substantively or politically. </p>
<p>
We should let the Bush high-end tax cuts expire, with an achievable,
progressive reduction in tax expenditures. And we should have spending
cuts, including entitlement reforms, equally matched by revenue
increases. The entire program — including budgetary room for public
investment and a moderate upfront jobs package — could be enacted now
and deferred for a limited time with a serious mechanism to guarantee
implementation. </p>
<p>
For plans that both reduce deficits and lower rates, some suggest that,
instead of raising the top two brackets to Clinton-era levels, we can
find the same revenues by limiting tax expenditures for those groups.
That would have some meaningful negative policy impacts, unlike
increasing the top rate. The bigger problem is that such a step would
yield only a fraction of the necessary revenue, requiring higher taxes
on the middle class. </p>
<p>
The pressure of the fiscal cliff, the fact that doing nothing is not
viable, and the distance to the next election all combine to make this a
special opportunity to meet our fiscal imperative. We need an open,
cleareyed debate so we don’t squander it. </p>
<div class="authorIdentification">
<p>Robert E. Rubin was Treasury secretary from 1995 to 1999 and is a co-chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations. </p> </div>
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