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<div class="timestamp">November 5, 2012</div>
<h1>The Real Loser: Truth</h1>
<h6 class="byline">By
<span><span>KEVIN M. KRUSE</span></span></h6>
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<p>
Princeton, N.J. </p>
<p>
THE director Steven Spielberg, whose “Lincoln” biopic opens Friday, recently <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/lincoln-premiere-a-reminder-that-in-heat-of-campaign-political-films-walk-a-fine-line/2012/11/04/4e8d9194-2437-11e2-9313-3c7f59038d93_story.html">said</a>
he hoped the film would have a “soothing or even healing effect” on a
nation exhausted after yet another bitter and polarizing election.
</p>
<p>
But there’s one line <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341682/Abraham-Lincoln/341682suppinfo/Supplemental-Information">attributed</a>
to Lincoln that Daniel Day-Lewis, who plays the president, doesn’t
utter in the film: “You may fool all the people some of the time; you
can even fool some of the people all the time; but you can’t fool all of
the people all the time.” </p>
<p>
The omission makes sense. Not only is the line probably apocryphal, but
also, this Election Day just might demonstrate that you really can fool
all of the people — or at least enough of them — in the time it takes to
win the White House. </p>
<p>
Venomous personal attacks and accusations of adultery, miscegenation and
even bestiality are as old as the Republic. Aaron Burr was the sitting
vice president when he killed Alexander Hamilton. </p>
<p>
But while the line between fact and fiction in politics has always been
fuzzy, a confluence of factors has strained our civic discourse, if it
can still be called that, to the breaking point. </p>
<p>
The economic boom and middle-class expansion of the postwar era
encouraged relative deference for officials, journalists and scholars.
It’s true that reporters and politicians had far cozier relationships,
but the slower news cycle allowed more time for verification and
analysis. </p>
<p>
Candidates accordingly believed that being caught in an outright lie
could damage their careers. (As Daniel Patrick Moynihan reportedly
said, “Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not his own facts.”)
They tended only to bend the truth, not break it. </p>
<p>
In 1948, President Harry S. Truman denounced Republican financiers as <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13007">“bloodsuckers”</a> and <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=13000">“gluttons of privilege,”</a>
but grounded his inflammatory language in the facts of Congress’s
legislative record. He denied his “give ’em hell” reputation, <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=74116">saying later</a> only that “I used to tell the truth on the Republicans, and they called it that.” </p>
<p>
Two years later, Richard M. Nixon, running for the Senate from California, <a href="http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thesenator.php">said</a>
his opponent, Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, was “pink right
down to her underwear,” a red-baiting remark, but one that referred to
statements she’d made calling for global disarmament and civil rights
for women and blacks. </p>
<p>
The brass-knuckle 1964 campaign is remembered for Lyndon B. Johnson’s
alarmist “daisy ad,” which suggested that Barry M. Goldwater’s election
might lead to nuclear war. But it rested on statements Goldwater had
made indicating a loose attitude toward nuclear weapons. (“Lob one into
the men’s room in the Kremlin,” he <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26680">once joked</a>.) </p>
<p>
The attack ads devised by the strategist Lee Atwater for Vice President
George Bush in the 1988 campaign, one of the dirtiest ever, were
grounded in at least a kernel of truth. Mr. Bush’s opponent, Michael S.
Dukakis, might not have deserved blame for the furlough program that let
Willie Horton commit additional crimes, but at least the program and
prisoner were real. Atwater exploited these events, but did not invent
them. </p>
<p>
At least four factors since the 1970s have lowered the cost for
politicians who lie and, more important, repeat their fabrications
through their attack ads. First is the overall decline in respect for
institutions and professionals of all kinds, from scientists and lawyers
to journalists and civil servants. </p>
<p>
Second are changes in media regulation and ownership. In 1985, the
conservative organization Fairness in Media, backed by Senator Jesse
Helms, <a href="http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19850129&id=3zxWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qukDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5080,4589117">tried to arrange</a>
a takeover of CBS and “become Dan Rather’s boss.” It failed, but two
years later conservatives set the stage for an even bigger triumph. For
decades, radio and television broadcasters had been required to <a href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1880786,00.html">present multiple viewpoints</a>
on contentious public debates on the grounds that they were stewards of
the public airwaves. But in 1987, members appointed by President Ronald
Reagan to the Federal Communications Commission <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/05/arts/fcc-votes-down-fairness-doctrine-in-a-4-0-decision.html">abolished</a>
this “fairness doctrine.” The change facilitated the creation of
conservative talk radio and cable outlets to combat perceived liberal
bias. Liberals followed suit with programming (albeit less effective) of
their own. </p>
<p>
As this cacophony crescendoed, a third trend developed as political
operatives realized they had more room to stretch the truth. In 2004, an
aide to President George W. Bush dismissed a journalist for being part
of a “reality-based community” of people who “believe that solutions
emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality.” But even Mr.
Bush believed there were limits to truth-bending. The ads that attacked
the military service of Senator John Kerry came from the ostensibly
independent “Swift Boat Veterans for Truth.” After the ads aired, Mr.
Bush belatedly called them “bad for the system.” </p>
<p>
A fourth factor: most news organizations (with notable exceptions)
abandoned their roles as political referees. Many resorted to an
atrophied style that resembled stenography more than journalism,
presenting all claims as equally valid. Fact checking, once a foundation
for all reporting, was now deemed the province of a specialized few.
</p>
<p>
But as this campaign has made clear, not even the dedicated fact-checkers have made much difference. </p>
<p>
PolitiFact has chronicled 19 “pants on fire” lies by Mr. Romney and 7 by
Mr. Obama since 2007, but Mr. Romney’s whoppers have been qualitatively
far worse: the “apology tour,” the “government takeover of health
care,” the “$4,000 tax hike on middle class families,” the gutting of
welfare-to-work rules, the shipment by Chrysler of jobs from Ohio to
China. Said one of his pollsters, Neil Newhouse, “We’re not going to let
our campaign be dictated by fact checkers.” </p>
<p>
To be sure, the Obama campaign has certainly had its own share of
dissembling and distortion, including about Mr. Romney’s positions on
abortion and foreign aid. But nothing in it — or in past campaigns, for
that matter — has equaled the efforts of the Romney campaign in this
realm. Its fundamental disdain for facts is something wholly new.
</p>
<p>
The voters, of course, may well recoil against these cynical
manipulations at the polls. But win or lose, the Romney campaign has
placed a big and historic bet on the proposition that facts can be
ignored, more or less, with impunity. </p>
<div class="authorIdentification">
<p><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/history/people/display_person.xml?netid=kkruse">Kevin M. Kruse</a>,
a professor of history at Princeton, is the co-editor, most recently,
of “Fog of War: The Second World War and the Civil Rights Movement.”</p> </div>
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