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<div class="ad"> </div></div><div id="campaignstops"><div align="left"><span class="timestamp published" title="2012-10-15T01:45:22+00:00">October 15, 2012, <span>1:45 am</span></span><h3 class="entry-title">No More Industrial Revolutions?</h3>
<address class="byline author vcard">By <a href="http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/author/thomas-b-edsall/" class="url fn" title="See all posts by THOMAS B. EDSALL">THOMAS B. EDSALL</a></address><div class="entry-content">
<p>The American economy is running on empty. That's the hypothesis put forward by <a href="http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/economics/gordon/indexmsie.html">Robert J. Gordon</a>,
an economist at Northwestern University. Let's assume for a moment that
he's right. The political consequences would be enormous.</p><p>In his <a href="http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/a-dismal-outlook-for-growth/">widely discussed</a> National Bureau of Economic Research paper, "<a href="http://faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu/economics/gordon/Is%20US%20Economic%20Growth%20Over.pdf">Is U.S. Economic Growth Over</a>?"
Gordon predicts a dark future of "epochal decline in growth from the
U.S. record of the last 150 years." The greatest innovations, Gordon
argues, are behind us, with little prospect for transformative change
along the lines of the three previous industrial revolutions:</p><blockquote><p>IR
#1 (steam, railroads) from 1750 to 1830; IR #2 (electricity, internal
combustion engine, running water, indoor toilets, communications,
entertainment, chemicals, petroleum) from 1870 to 1900; and IR #3
(computers, the web, mobile phones) from 1960 to present.</p></blockquote><p>Gordon
argues that each of these revolutions was followed by a period of
economic expansion, particularly industrial revolution number two, which
saw "80 years of relatively rapid productivity growth between 1890 and
1972." According to Gordon, once "the spin-off inventions from IR #2
(airplanes, air conditioning, interstate highways) had run their course,
productivity growth during 1972-96 was much slower than
before." Industrial revolution number 3, he writes</p><blockquote><p>
created only a short-lived growth revival between 1996 and 2004. Many of
the original and spin-off inventions of IR #2 could happen only once -
urbanization, transportation speed, the freedom of females from the
drudgery of carrying tons of water per year, and the role of central
heating and air conditioning in achieving a year-round constant
temperature.</p></blockquote><p>Over most of human history, in Gordon's
view, the world had minimal economic growth, if it had any at all - and
"there is no guarantee that growth will continue indefinitely." Gordon's
paper suggests instead that "the rapid progress made over the past 250
years could well turn out to be a unique episode in human history."</p><p>The
United States faces "headwinds" that could cut annual growth in Gross
Domestic Product to as little as 0.2 percent annually, which is one
tenth the rate of growth from 1860 to 2007.</p><p>The headwinds Gordon cites include:</p><blockquote><p>*The
reversal of the "demographic dividend." The huge one-time-only surge of
women into the workforce between 1965 and 1990 raised hours per capita
and "allowed real per capita real G.D.P. to grow faster than output per
hour." Now the number of workers who are retiring is growing, reducing
the average number of hours worked for the entire population. "By
definition, whenever hours per capita decline, then output per capita
must grow more slowly than productivity."</p><p>*Rising inequality means that the majority of the population will get a smaller fraction of the benefits of economic growth.</p><p>*America
is losing the competitive advantage it long enjoyed based on the
educational achievement of its workforce. Gordon cites O.E.C.D. data
showing that out of 37 countries surveyed, the United States recently
ranked 21st in reading, 31st in math, and 34th in science. Higher
education cost inflation, Gordon adds, "leads to mounting student debt,
which is increasingly distorting career choices and deterring low-income
people from going to college at all."</p><p>*Globalization and rapid
advances in information technology encourage outsourcing and automation,
which inevitably have "a damaging effect on the nations with the
highest wage level, i.e., the United States."</p></blockquote><p>Taken
in full, Gordon's controversial N.B.E.R. paper challenges our belief
that innovation and invention will continue to drive sustained expansion
in the United States.</p><p><a href="http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a>, an economist at M.I.T and co-author of the book "<a href="http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/7448">Why Nations Fail</a>: <a href="http://economics.mit.edu/files/6699">Origins of Power, Poverty and Prosperity</a>," wrote in response to an email I sent him asking about Gordon's hypothesis:</p>
<blockquote><p>Bob
has been a good corrective to people who think that the innovations of
today are transforming the world in a way that those of yesteryear never
did. This is a very important corrective. But I think he misses the
major engine of innovation: the market tends to find whatever is
profitable, even if we cannot see what that is today.</p></blockquote><p><a href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/lkatz">Lawrence Katz</a>,
an economist at Harvard, wrote to me that the Gordon essay "is a wise
and thoughtful piece but a very, very speculative one. The historical
evidence presented is quite reasonable." Katz noted that projections of
"what new ideas will be discovered and their potential impacts on
economic growth" are "highly uncertain." In the end, he said, "I am
probably a bit more optimistic on the potential for innovation but I
share Gordon's worries about inequality and education and environmental
issues."</p><p><a href="http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/dautor/index.htm">David Autor</a>, who is also an economist at M.I.T., has written extensively about <a href="http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/08/the-future-of-joblessness/">problems with employment and job growth</a>, but he holds a more optimistic view than Gordon:</p>
<blockquote><p>My
guess is that the big gains in the next couple of decades are likely to
come from the medical arena - prolonging life, tackling disease,
correcting genetic deficiencies, regrowing limbs, reversing the course
of Alzheimer's.</p></blockquote><p>Autor had another thought:</p><blockquote><p>It's
my hope - but here I'm less confident - that advances in energy
generation (solar, wind power, efficiency itself) will contribute to
stemming global warming by reducing carbon emissions. That would be a
major improvement to the expected trajectory of G.D.P.</p></blockquote><p>Martin
Wolf, an economic columnist for the Financial Times, has opened up a
discussion of the political implications of Gordon's bleak assessment of
the American future, <a href="http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/78e883fa-0bef-11e2-8032-00144feabdc0.html#axzz28rBnGLGR">writing</a>:</p><blockquote><p>For
almost two centuries, today's high-income countries enjoyed waves of
innovation that made them both far more prosperous than before and far
more powerful than everybody else. This was the world of the American
dream and American exceptionalism. Now innovation is slow and economic
catch-up fast. The elites of the high-income countries quite like this
new world. The rest of their population like it vastly less. Get used to
this. It will not change.</p></blockquote><p>If Gordon is even modestly
on target, the current presidential campaign begins to ring hollow.
Listen to the rhetoric. "Mitt Romney's plan for a stronger middle class
is a five-part proposal for turning around the economy and delivering
more jobs and more take-home pay for American families," the Romney
campaign <a href="http://www.mittromney.com/JobsPlan">declares</a>on its
web site. "His plan will end the middle class squeeze of declining
incomes and rising prices, bring back prosperity, and create 12 million
jobs during his first term."</p><p>Over at the Obama web site, <a href="http://www.barackobama.com/economy?source=primary-nav">you find</a>:
"President Obama is fighting to grow the economy from the middle class
out, not the top down. This election presents a choice between two
fundamentally different visions of how to grow our economy and create
good middle-class jobs."</p><p>Juxtapose these campaign
claims with Gordon's chart describing the growth of G.D.P. per capita
over the last 810 years. The blue line represents G.D.P. growth in
England, which benefitted from the industrial revolution first. The
point on the chart where the line shifts to the color red (the early
20th century) is the moment when the United States replaced England as
the global leader in productivity growth.</p><p>Gordon's chart
demonstrates that there was a sustained lack of productivity growth from
1300 to 1700, which supports his argument that economic expansion is a
relatively recent phenomenon and by no means inevitable. The chart also
illustrates the decidedly downward turn that American growth rates have
taken since the mid-1970s.</p><p>Gordon goes on to raise the stakes,
extending his projections into the future. The green line in the second
Gordon graph charts his view of the hypothetical path of real G.D.P. per
capita growth over the next 88 years. It is a grim image.
Gordon describes a steadily diminishing rate of growth in the United
States:</p><blockquote><p>Doubling the standard of living took five
centuries between 1300 and 1800. Doubling accelerated to one century
between 1800 and 1900. Doubling peaked at a mere 28 years between 1929
and 1957 and 31 years between 1957 and 1988. But then doubling is
predicted to slow back to a century again between 2007 and 2100. Of
course the latter is a forecast.</p></blockquote><p>In essence, Gordon is saying that there won't be a fourth industrial revolution:</p><p>Why
is this related to inequality? Because the burden of this decline will
fall on the bulk of the population. The continuing prosperity of the
wealthiest, on the other hand, will be magnified.</p><p>Using detailed income data compiled by Emmanuel Saez, a Berkeley economist, Gordon calculated that from</p><blockquote><p>1993
to 2008, the average growth in real household income was 1.3 percent
per year. But for the bottom 99 percent, growth was only 0.75, a gap of
0.55 percent per year. The top one percent of the income distribution
captured fully 52% of the income gains during that 15-year period.</p></blockquote><p>In supplementary material emailed to The Times, Gordon acknowledged that</p><blockquote><p>Globalization
will add to U. S. growth in the same sense that economists have always
argued that free trade creates more winners than losers. But the losers
from globalization are those not only whose jobs are lost to imports and
outsourcing, but those whose incomes are beaten down as foreign
investment flocks to southern states with lower wages, and as
corporations like Caterpillar are successful in extracting concessions
on wages and benefits from their employees. And the winners are C.E.O.s
of multinational companies like Caterpillar who see their profits and
stock prices rise as they build factories abroad, whether or not any
jobs are created at home.</p></blockquote><p>Intellectually, both the
Obama and Romney campaigns are undoubtedly aware of the general line of
thinking that lies behind Gordon's analysis, and of related findings in
books like "The Great Stagnation" by <a href="http://www.gmu.edu/centers/publicchoice/faculty%20pages/Tyler/">Tyler Cowen</a>
of George Mason University. Cowen argues that innovation has reached a
"technological plateau" that rules out a return to the growth of the
20th century.</p><p>For Obama, the argument that the America has run out
of string is politically untouchable. In the case of Romney and the
Republican Party, something very different appears to be taking place.</p><p>There
are two parallel realizations driving policy thinking on the right. The
first is the growing consciousness of the threat to the conservative
coalition as its core constituency - white voters, and particularly
married white Protestants - decreases as a share of the electorate.
Similarly, the conservative political class recognizes that the halcyon
days of shared growth, with the United States leading the world economy,
may be over.</p><p>While Gordon projects a future of exacerbating
inequality - as an ever-increasing share of declining productivity
growth goes to the top, the wealthy are acutely aware that the political
threat to their status and comfort would come from rising popular
demand for policies of income redistribution.</p><p>It is for this
reason that the Republican Party is determined to protect the Bush tax
cuts; to prevent tax hikes; to further cut domestic social spending;
and, more broadly, to take a machete to the welfare state.</p><p>Insofar
as Republicans prevail in their twin aims of cutting - or even
eliminating - social spending, and maintaining or lowering tax rates,
they will have succeeded in obstructing the restoration of social
insurance programs in the future.</p><p>Affluent Republicans - the donor
and policy base of the conservative movement - are on red alert. They
want to protect and enhance their position in a future of diminished
resources. What really lies underneath the ferocity with which the right
currently fights for regressive tax and spending policies is a deeply
pessimistic vision premised on a future of hard times. This vision has
prompted the Republican Party to adopt a preemptive strategy that
anticipates the end of growth and the onset of sustained austerity - a
strategy to make sure that the size of their slice of the pie doesn't
get smaller as the pie shrinks.</p><p>This is the underlying and inadequately explored theme of the 2012 election.</p><p><em>Thomas
B. Edsall, a professor of journalism at Columbia University, is the
author of the book "The Age of Austerity: How Scarcity Will Remake
American Politics," which was published earlier this year.</em><br clear="all"></p></div></div></div><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br>
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