<h1>Rethinking what spurs success</h1>
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<h3><span id="byLineTag">By Greg Toppo, @gtoppo, USA TODAY</span></h3></div></div><p class="firstParagraph">In the late 1960s, <a href="http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/Organizations/Schools/Stanford+University" title="More news, photos about Stanford University">Stanford University</a>
psychologist Walter Mischel sat preschoolers at desks with a
marshmallow, a bell and a bargain: Eat the marshmallow any time you
want, but if you wait 15 minutes, you'll get two marshmallows.</p>
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<p class="inside-copy">Mischel intended the experiment merely as a look
into how children resist temptation, but when he began tracking down the
marshmallow kids in the early 1980s, he found that those who'd waited
for two marshmallows at age 4 had much higher SAT scores and better
academic records as teenagers. Could something as simple as self-control
predict who got into a top-flight college?</p>
<p class="inside-copy">After decades of failed education policies,
scientists, economists and educators are beginning to rethink their
basic ideas about what it takes to succeed in school. They're beginning
to look at non-cognitive skills -- grit, perseverance, conscientiousness
and optimism, for instance -- and wondering if they might be as
important as cognitive skills.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">The idea comes at a key time for <a href="http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/U.S" title="More news, photos about U.S.">U.S.</a>
education. A decade after Congress passed the No Child Left Behind law,
educators are as divided as ever on the law's key goal: how to improve
educational outcomes for poor children. On one side, an influential
group of educators says the stresses and deprivations of poverty doom
kids' aspirations -- cure poverty, they say, and education will follow.
On the other side are educators who say a more competitive, focused and
accountable education system will lift kids out of poverty by giving
them a ticket to college and the middle class.</p>
<p class="inside-copy"> So far we haven't cured poverty, and the results
from several "no excuses" experiments are mixed. Alumni of the highly
regarded KIPP middle schools for low-income students, for instance,
boast excellent high school graduation rates. But few make it through
college.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">New research suggests that a third way might be
more practical: alleviate the effects of poverty by helping parents
raise more resilient kids -- and helping kids develop habits of mind to
persevere through difficulty.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">"We haven't been able to solve big problems
because we've been looking in the wrong places," writes author Paul
Tough, whose new book, <i>How Children Succeed</i>, is reigniting interest in the topic. Among those heeding the new research: <a href="http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/David+Levin" title="More news, photos about David Levin">David Levin</a>,
a KIPP co-founder who adopted a 24-item "character report card" in the
face of the poor college-going results. After more than a decade of
no-nonsense academics and harsh discipline, "He (Levin) had created the
perfect middle school student, but he hadn't created the perfect
college student," Tough said. KIPP students now sit for parent-teacher
conferences that detail not just how they're doing in history and
algebra, but how well they score on zest, curiosity, social
intelligence and optimism.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">"When we think about the word 'character,' we
often think of something that is not at all changeable -- it's just like
what you're born with," Tough says. "But these strengths are things
that are absolutely changeable. Individuals can change them themselves.
Teachers and parents can have a huge impact on how they're developed."</p>
<p class="inside-copy">A former editor of <i>The</i><i><a href="http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/New+York+Times+Magazine" title="More news, photos about New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i>,
Tough says the need to develop grit doesn't just occupy educators of
low-income kids. He writes that many elite schools offer students not so
much a chance to succeed as "a high probability of non-failure" -- and
connections that ensure a student never falls out of the upper class.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">Indeed, says Dominic Randolph, headmaster of
Riverdale Country School in the Bronx, "In most highly academic
environments in the <a href="http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/Places,+Geography/Countries/United+States" title="More news, photos about United States">United States</a>, no one fails anything." </p>
<p class="inside-copy"> Tough also details the efforts of Elizabeth
Spiegel, a chess teacher at a Brooklyn middle school who develops master
players. She does it, Tough discovers, by teaching her students to
reflect on every move of every game -- mistakes included. Her players
write out each move and review them afterward, drilling down to figure
out why they made a mistake and how to fix it. "Teaching chess is really
about teaching the habits that go along with thinking," Spiegel tells
him.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">She likens the process to psychotherapy, saying
her players often make the same mistakes repeatedly. In the end, she
says, they must find a way to separate themselves from their mistakes
and losses. "I try to teach my students that losing is something you do,
not something you are," she says.</p>
<p class="inside-copy">The results speak for themselves: Spiegel's teams
and players both consistently rank among the best nationwide, and a
few students achieve grand master status before age 13. After one
young player, James Black, beats international chess master Yuri
Lapshun, the defeated Ukranian sits down with James and Spiegel to
analyze the game. Move by move, the teacher realizes, James has
outplayed one of the world's best players. In the end, she tells James
he'd played "exceptionally deep chess."</p><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br><br><img src="http://users.moscow.com/waf/WP%20Fox%2001.jpg"><br>
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