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<div class="timestamp">September 16, 2012</div>
<h1>In Search of Excellent Teaching</h1>
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<p>
The Chicago teachers’ strike was prompted in part by a fierce
disagreement over how much student test scores will weigh in a new
teacher evaluation system mandated by state law. That teachers’ unions
in much of the country now agree that student achievement should count
in evaluations at all reflects a major change from the past, when it was
often argued that teaching was an “art” that could not be rigorously
evaluated or, even more outrageously, that teachers should not be held
accountable for student progress. </p>
<p>
Traditional teacher evaluations often consist of cursory classroom
visits by principals who declare nearly every teacher good, or at least
competent, even in failing schools where few if any children meet basic
educational standards. </p>
<p>
As a result of this system, bad things can happen. High-performing
teachers who have an enormous impact on student achievement go
unidentified, and they often leave the district. Promising, but
struggling, young teachers never get the help they need to master the
job. And disastrous teachers who have no feel for the profession
continue as long as they wish, hurting young lives along the way.
</p>
<p>
The more rigorous evaluation systems that have taken root in several
states and districts around the country are intended to change that
picture. These systems, which take student achievement into account in
various ways, are still in their formative years, but they have already
opened the door to a different way of doing business. At their best,
these evaluation systems are based on the idea that teaching is
difficult to master and that high-performers tend to get that way
through intensive feedback and help from colleagues. </p>
<p>
The school system in Montgomery County, Md., established its evaluation
and mentoring system more than a decade ago. The system does not specify
exactly how much weight student test scores and other data should
receive. But depending on the circumstances, the evaluation may include
scores from state tests, student projects, student and parent surveys
and other data. </p>
<p>
It is an intensive program that aims to help both novice teachers and
experienced teachers who receive a “below standard” evaluation. The
system, which has required a considerable investment of time and money,
assigns consulting teachers who work full time assisting a number of
colleagues. These master teachers help their charges plan lessons,
review student work and also arrange for them to observe other teachers
on the job. After a year of support, a panel of teachers and principals
can recommend dismissal or another year of support. </p>
<p>
The widely praised evaluation system in New Haven also relies on a
complex mix of factors. It takes into account year-by-year improvement
in student learning, as measured by progress on state and local tests
and attainment of academic goals. The system also examines the teachers’
instructional abilities, judged by frequent observations by principals
and other managers. Teachers receive regular face-to-face feedback so
that they are fully aware of what they need to do to improve. </p>
<p>
Some systems give a specific weight to so-called value-added test
scores, which try to account for socioeconomic differences by tracking
students’ improvement year to year, rather than looking just at their
absolute scores. That approach, though, has come under attack by critics
who argue that these scores are too often statistically flawed. </p>
<p>
Reasonable school officials understand that test scores, while
important, do not reflect the sum total of what good teachers provide
for their students. In Washington, D.C., where the evaluation system is
now in its fourth year, school officials have decided to change the
weighting of tests. Originally, value-added scores accounted for 50
percent of teacher evaluations; that has been reduced to 35 percent,
with an additional 15 percent consisting of other goals (like the
students’ mastery of certain skills) collaboratively arrived at by
teacher and principal. </p>
<p>
Officials there say they reduced the importance of value-added scores
after some of the most successful teachers expressed anxiety about the
measure and argued that it might not give some teachers full credit for
their work because they teach subjects not covered by the state tests.
</p>
<p>
Many of these new programs are better than the slipshod evaluation
systems they replaced. But they are far from perfect. States and cities,
like Chicago, will need to keep working at them to ensure fairness,
accuracy and transparency. </p>
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