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<div class="timestamp">July 28, 2012</div>
<h1>The Conversion of a Climate-Change Skeptic</h1>
<h6 class="byline">By
<span><span>RICHARD A. MULLER</span></span></h6>
<div id="articleBody">
<p>
Berkeley, Calif. </p>
<p>
CALL me a converted skeptic. Three years ago I identified problems in
previous climate studies that, in my mind, threw doubt on the very
existence of global warming. Last year, following an intensive research
effort involving a dozen scientists, I concluded that global warming was
real and that the prior estimates of the rate of warming were correct.
I’m now going a step further: Humans are almost entirely the cause.
</p>
<p>
My total turnaround, in such a short time, is the result of careful and objective analysis by the <a href="http://berkeleyearth.org/">Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature</a>
project, which I founded with my daughter Elizabeth. Our results show
that the average temperature of the earth’s land has risen by two and a
half degrees Fahrenheit over the past 250 years, including an increase
of one and a half degrees over the most recent 50 years. Moreover, it
appears likely that essentially all of this increase results from the
human emission of greenhouse gases. </p>
<p>
These findings are stronger than those of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, the United Nations group that defines the scientific
and diplomatic consensus on global warming. In its 2007 report, the
I.P.C.C. concluded only that most of the warming of the prior 50 years
could be attributed to humans. It was possible, according to the
I.P.C.C. consensus statement, that the warming before 1956 could be
because of changes in solar activity, and that even a substantial part
of the more recent warming could be natural. </p>
<p>
Our Berkeley Earth approach used sophisticated statistical methods
developed largely by our lead scientist, Robert Rohde, which allowed us
to determine earth land temperature much further back in time. We
carefully studied issues raised by skeptics: biases from urban heating
(we duplicated our results using rural data alone), from data selection
(prior groups selected fewer than 20 percent of the available
temperature stations; we used virtually 100 percent), from poor station
quality (we separately analyzed good stations and poor ones) and from
human intervention and data adjustment (our work is completely automated
and hands-off). In our papers we demonstrate that none of these
potentially troublesome effects unduly biased our conclusions. </p>
<p>
The historic temperature pattern we observed has abrupt dips that match
the emissions of known explosive volcanic eruptions; the particulates
from such events reflect sunlight, make for beautiful sunsets and cool
the earth’s surface for a few years. There are small, rapid variations
attributable to El Niño and other ocean currents such as the Gulf
Stream; because of such oscillations, the “flattening” of the recent
temperature rise that some people claim is not, in our view,
statistically significant. What has caused the gradual but systematic
rise of two and a half degrees? We tried fitting the shape to simple
math functions (exponentials, polynomials), to solar activity and even
to rising functions like world population. By far the best match was to
the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide, measured from atmospheric
samples and air trapped in polar ice. </p>
<p>
Just as important, our record is long enough that we could search for
the fingerprint of solar variability, based on the historical record of
sunspots. That fingerprint is absent. Although the I.P.C.C. allowed for
the possibility that variations in sunlight could have ended the “Little
Ice Age,” a period of cooling from the 14th century to about 1850, our
data argues strongly that the temperature rise of the past 250 years
cannot be attributed to solar changes. This conclusion is, in
retrospect, not too surprising; we’ve learned from satellite
measurements that solar activity changes the brightness of the sun very
little. </p>
<p>
How definite is the attribution to humans? The carbon dioxide curve
gives a better match than anything else we’ve tried. Its magnitude is
consistent with the calculated greenhouse effect — extra warming from
trapped heat radiation. These facts don’t prove causality and they
shouldn’t end skepticism, but they raise the bar: to be considered
seriously, an alternative explanation must match the data at least as
well as carbon dioxide does. Adding methane, a second greenhouse gas, to
our analysis doesn’t change the results. Moreover, our analysis does
not depend on large, complex global climate models, the huge computer
programs that are notorious for their hidden assumptions and adjustable
parameters. Our result is based simply on the close agreement between
the shape of the observed temperature rise and the known greenhouse gas
increase. </p>
<p>
It’s a scientist’s duty to be properly skeptical. I still find that
much, if not most, of what is attributed to climate change is
speculative, exaggerated or just plain wrong. I’ve analyzed some of the
most alarmist claims, and my skepticism about them hasn’t changed.
</p>
<p>
Hurricane Katrina cannot be attributed to global warming. The number of
hurricanes hitting the United States has been going down, not up;
likewise for intense tornadoes. Polar bears aren’t dying from receding
ice, and the Himalayan glaciers aren’t going to melt by 2035. And it’s
possible that we are currently no warmer than we were a thousand years
ago, during the “Medieval Warm Period” or “Medieval Optimum,” an
interval of warm conditions known from historical records and indirect
evidence like tree rings. And the recent warm spell in the United States
happens to be more than offset by cooling elsewhere in the world, so
its link to “global” warming is weaker than tenuous. </p>
<p>
The careful analysis by our team is laid out in five scientific papers now online at <a target="_" href="http://BerkeleyEarth.org">BerkeleyEarth.org</a>.
That site also shows our chart of temperature from 1753 to the present,
with its clear fingerprint of volcanoes and carbon dioxide, but
containing no component that matches solar activity. Four of our papers
have undergone extensive scrutiny by the scientific community, and the
newest, a paper with the analysis of the human component, is now posted,
along with the data and computer programs used. Such transparency is
the heart of the scientific method; if you find our conclusions
implausible, tell us of any errors of data or analysis. </p>
<p>
What about the future? As carbon dioxide emissions increase, the
temperature should continue to rise. I expect the rate of warming to
proceed at a steady pace, about one and a half degrees over land in the
next 50 years, less if the oceans are included. But if China continues
its rapid economic growth (it has averaged 10 percent per year over the
last 20 years) and its vast use of coal (it typically adds one new
gigawatt per month), then that same warming could take place in less
than 20 years. </p>
<p>
Science is that narrow realm of knowledge that, in principle, is
universally accepted. I embarked on this analysis to answer questions
that, to my mind, had not been answered. I hope that the Berkeley Earth
analysis will help settle the scientific debate regarding global warming
and its human causes. Then comes the difficult part: agreeing across
the political and diplomatic spectrum about what can and should be done.
</p>
<div class="authorIdentification">
<p> <a href="http://muller.lbl.gov/">Richard A. Muller</a>, a professor
of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former
MacArthur Foundation fellow, is the author, most recently, of “Energy
for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines.” </p> </div>
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