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<div class="timestamp">July 20, 2012</div>
<h1>Searching for Clues to Calamity</h1>
<h6 class="byline">By
<span><span>FRED GUTERL</span></span></h6>
<div id="articleBody">
<p>
SO far 2012 is on pace to be the hottest year on record. But does this
mean that we’ve reached a threshold — a tipping point that signals a
climate disaster? </p>
<p>
For those warning of <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="Recent and archival news about global warming." class="meta-classifier">global warming</a>,
it would be tempting to say so. The problem is, no one knows if there
is a point at which a climate system shifts abruptly. But some
scientists are now bringing mathematical rigor to the tipping-point
argument. Their findings give us fresh cause to worry that sudden
changes are in our future. </p>
<p>
One of them is <a href="http://www.aew.wur.nl/uk/staff/MS/">Marten Scheffer</a>,
a biologist at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, who grew up
swimming in clear lowland ponds. In the 1980s, many of these ponds
turned turbid. The plants would die, algae would cover the surface, and
only bottom-feeding fish remained. The cause — fertilizer runoff from
nearby farms — was well known, but even after you stopped the runoff,
replanted the lilies and restocked the trout, the ponds would stay dark
and scummy. </p>
<p>
Mr. Scheffer solved this problem with a key insight: the ponds behaved
according to a branch of mathematics called “dynamical systems,” which
deals with sudden changes. Once you reach a tipping point, it’s very
difficult to return things to how they used to be. It’s easy to roll a
boulder off a cliff, for instance, but much harder to roll it back. Once
the ponds turned turbid, it wasn’t enough to just replant and restock.
You had get them back to their original, clear state. </p>
<p>
Science is a graveyard of grand principles that fail in the end to
explain the real world. So it is all the more surprising that Mr.
Scheffer’s idea worked. </p>
<p>
By applying the principles of dynamical systems, Mr. Scheffer was able
to figure out that to fix the ponds, he had to remove the fish that
thrive in the turbid water. They stir up sediment, which blocks sunlight
from plants, and eat the zooplankton that keep the water clear. His
program of fixing the Netherlands’ ponds and lakes is legendary in
ecology. </p>
<p>
Mr. Scheffer and other scientists are now trying to identify the
early-warning signals for climate that precede abrupt transitions. Tim
Lenton, a climate scientist at the University of Exeter in England, has
identified a handful of climate systems that could reach tipping points
in the not-too-distant future. These are not so much related to global
average temperatures — the main metric for climate-change arguments — as
they are to patterns of climate that repeat themselves each year.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/">El Niño</a> is one such pattern — a
gigantic blob of warm water that sloshes around in the Pacific Ocean,
causing weather changes across wide swaths of the globe. Another is the
West African monsoon, which brings rain to the west coast of the
continent. Each is subject to behaving like dynamical systems — which
means they are prone to “flip” from one state to another, like one of
Mr. Scheffer’s ponds, over time periods that vary from a year to a few
hundred. </p>
<p>
The most frightening prospect that Mr. Lenton has found is the
vulnerability of the Indian monsoon. More than a billion people depend
on this weather pattern each year for the rain it brings to crops. The
monsoon, though, is being affected by two conflicting forces: the
buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is adding energy to the
monsoons, making them more powerful. On the other hand, soot from fires
and coal plants acts to blocks the sun’s energy, weakening the monsoons.
</p>
<p>
This opposition creates potential instability and the possibility that
the atmospheric dynamics that bring the monsoons could change suddenly.
Mr. Lenton’s analysis shows this could occur in a remarkably short time.
The monsoons could be here one year, then gone the next year. </p>
<p>
Other possible tipping points are the melting of the North Pole’s sea
ice, Greenland’s glaciers and the Antarctic ice sheets, and the
destruction of the Amazon <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/forests_and_forestry/rain_forests/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about rain forests." class="meta-classifier">rain forest</a> and Canada’s boreal forests. </p>
<p>
We know that the dynamical-systems idea worked for Mr. Scheffer’s ponds
because he achieved real-world results. But why should we believe that
the principle explains things like El Niño and the Indian monsoon? The
acid test will be whether the real world behaves the way Mr. Lenton says
it will. If the Indian monsoon disappears, we’ll know he is right.
</p>
<p>
What then? The real worst-case scenario would have one such event
triggering others, until you have a cascade of weather flips from one
end of the planet to another. It wouldn’t be quite as dramatic as
Hollywood might want to depict, perhaps, but it would be dramatic enough
to rewrite the predictions for sea level and temperature rises that are
part of the current consensus. This worst case is highly speculative,
but sudden shifts in climate patterns may already be happening. </p>
<p>
The policy makers aren’t likely to be discussing dynamical-systems
theory anytime soon. Fortunately, scientists like Mr. Scheffer and Mr.
Lenton are trying to work out the details of how closely nature hews to
these mathematics, what a true tipping point would look like and what we
might do if and when we face one. </p>
<p>
We need a tipping point in climate politics, where all of a sudden we start paying attention. </p>
<div class="authorIdentification">
<p><a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/about.php?author=15">Fred Guterl</a>
is the executive editor of Scientific American and the author of “The
Fate of Species: Why the Human Race May Cause Its Own Extinction and How
We Can Stop It.”</p> </div>
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________________________________<br><br>Also thanks to Ted Moffett for his letter to yesterday's <i>Daily News</i><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br>
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