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<h1>Alabama law drives out illegal immigrants but also has unexpected consequences</h1>
<h3>
By <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/pamela-constable/2011/03/02/ABZuvmP_page.html" rel="author">Pamela Constable</a>, <span class="timestamp updated processed">Published: June 17</span>
</h3>
<p>ALBERTVILLE, Ala. — Hidden behind the Banco del Sol and the Tienda El
Nino is the economic pillar of this rural town: A massive factory that
processes 130,000 chickens a day. Inside, headless plucked birds move
along conveyor belts while 300 workers, in repeated deft strokes, slice
each passing carcass into chunks of kitchen-ready meat.</p>
<p>For years, most poultry workers here were Mexican immigrants,
including some who were in the country illegally. But last fall, after a
tough state law against illegal immigrants took effect, many vanished
overnight, rattling the town’s large Hispanic community and leaving the
poultry business scrambling to find workers willing to stand for hours
in a wet, chilly room, cutting up dead chickens. </p><p>“Even someone
born and raised in Albertville may not have the necessary skills or be
able to pass a background check,” said Frank Singleton, a spokesman for
Wayne Farms, which owns the slaughterhouse. The firm held a job fair
that attracted about 250 local residents, but few were hired, and some
soon quit, daunted by the demanding work. Since the law took effect, he
said, “our turnover rate has gone through the roof.” </p><p>Sponsors of
the law say it has done exactly what they had hoped, driving tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from the state. The U.S. Justice
Department has challenged some parts of the law, and President Obama’s
announcement Friday of a temporary legal amnesty for more than 1 million
young undocumented immigrants nationwide clashes directly with
Alabama’s legislation.</p><p>“All our activities will be for naught if
the president grants amnesty to everyone,” state Sen. Scott Beason, the
chief sponsor of the Alabama law, said Friday. Still, with the U.S.
Supreme Court expected to rule shortly on a similar law in Arizona,
champions of the Alabama measure hope that their legal position will be
largely vindicated. “If Arizona is a success, then Alabama will be a
success, too,” Beason said.</p><p>The state senator said he had
“absolutely no doubt” that the law, and the resulting exodus of illegal
workers, has started putting more Alabamians to work. Beason noted that
the state’s unemployment rate has fallen sharply since last fall, from
9.8 percent to 7.2 percent, and he said the new law was “a big part” of
the reason. “I get phone calls from people thanking me all the time,” he
said. </p><p>Nevertheless, a variety of employers in Alabama said they
have not been able to find enough legal residents to replace the
seasoned Hispanic field pickers, drywall hangers, landscapers and
poultry workers who fled the state. There was an initial rush of job
applications, they said, but many new employees quit or were let go.</p><p>Wayne
Smith, 56, raises tomatoes on a family farm in the misty hills of
Chandler Mountain, a 40-minute drive from Albertville. Last fall, he
said, his entire Mexican crew ran off, and Smith and his neighbors
scoured the area for new workers. The growers pay $2 for every large box
of picked tomatoes, and a worker must be able to pluck fast all day,
bent over in the hot sun, to fill two or three dozen boxes. </p><p>“The
whites lasted half a day, and the blacks wouldn’t come at all. The work
was just too hot and hard for them,” Smith said. He dismissed the
argument, often made by critics of illegal immigration, that Americans
might do the work if offered a higher and hourly wage. “We’ve been using
Mexicans for 30 years, and now they’ve been run off,” he said.
“Everyone is worried about Arizona. If this law sticks, what’ll we do
then?”</p><p>
<strong>‘A chilling effect’</strong>
</p><p>Alabama’s law makes it a crime for illegal immigrants to buy a
house, pay a utility bill or sign a contract. It also penalizes those
who employ them, allows police to ask drivers at roadside checkpoints or
routine traffic stops about their immigration status and requires
schools to ask about the legal status of all new students.</p><p>Although
there is no doubt that many illegal immigrants have left Alabama since
October, studies by economists at the University of Alabama indicate
that the drop in unemployment is partly due to other factors. They
report that the number of workers overall has been shrinking, in part
from baby-boomer retirements and in part from discouraged workers
suspending their job searches.</p><p>At the Wayne Farms plant in
Albertville, officials said that since the law took effect, they have
spent more than $5 million to train new workers and compensate for lost
production. Singleton said the factory had also lost some legal Hispanic
workers, who left the state rather than be separated from their illegal
immigrant spouses. “This law has created a chilling effect on the whole
Latino community,” he said. </p><p>Today, the factory’s workforce of
about 1,000 is a diverse and unstable mix. It includes Hispanics who
have passed federal ID checks, local whites and blacks, and even a group
of refugees from Ethiopia and Burma, provided by an employment agency
whose Web site offers, “We will help you clean house before ICE does it
for you.”</p><p>In interviews in the factory parking lot, a few white
and black workers said they had been hired recently. One middle-aged
black man, who gave his name only as William, said he had been through
some hard times and was grateful to have landed steady work. “A lot of
Americans don’t want to do manual labor, but it’s an honest living, and
it pays the bills,” he said.</p><p>A half-dozen Latino workers said they
had legal papers, but several others said they had “borrowed” someone
else’s ID. One young immigrant from Central America, who gave his name
only as Juan, said he was making a decent wage at the factory but was
afraid to drive his car, because his license had expired and he was not
legally permitted to renew it. </p><p>“So many neighbors have left,” he
said. “Nobody goes out at night. Nobody is calm. Nothing is certain.” At
his workplace, he added, “there are more Americans now, Africans, even
Asians. . . . Little by little, they are getting rid of us all.”</p><p>Hispanic
leaders in Alabama said Friday that they are not certain how Obama’s
amnesty for many illegal immigrants younger than 30 would affect the
situation in Alabama. Salvador Cervantes, an activist who organized
protests against the state law, called the president’s action “a great
relief for all of us,” but he added that it was not clear how state
officials would respond.</p><p>
<strong>A town in upheaval</strong>
</p><p>On the surface, Albertville, a busy town of 22,000, does not seem
much changed by the new law. Its Hispanic community, which surged from
near-zero in 1990 to almost 30 percent of the populace in 2010, is still
very much in evidence. On almost every street, there are signs in
Spanish — taquerias, peluquerias, Iglesia de Dios, Reyna Novedades. </p><p>But
several trailer parks once fully occupied by Hispanics lie half-empty,
and Hispanic store owners said there is less demand for items such as
fresh tortillas and discount phone cards to Mexico, partly because some
customers left and some of the others who stayed behind are reluctant to
shop. They also said social interaction between Hispanics and others is
stiffer. </p><p>“People who know me suddenly ask me whether I am
legal,” said Mireya Bonilla, who has owned La Orquidea, a large Hispanic
grocery and diner, since the early 1990s. Both white and Hispanic
families still come in for lunch, but Bonilla said she feels less
comfortable than before. “What’s hard is the way people look at you
now,” she said. </p><p>Across the room, a white-haired diner who gave
his name only as Bruce, said he had visited Central America and helped
raise money through his church to fight poverty there. Yet he also said
he supported the state law.</p><p>“I hate to see what’s happening to the
Hispanics. Their community is suffering, and so is the economy,” he
said. “But if the laws had been enforced 20 years ago, we wouldn’t be
having these problems. Now we have this new law, so we need to give it
time to work.”</p><p>Albertville Mayor Lindsey Lyons said the Hispanic
influx had been a “double-edged sword” for the town, bringing crime and
social problems as well as a source of labor and revenue. Since many
illegal immigrants left, he said, there had been a drop in illegal drug
activity, prostitution and car accidents. But he also acknowledged that
some businesses had suffered. </p><p>“The bill has done what was
intended, but it is not the permanent answer,” he said. “We need
Congress to compromise and come up with a better immigration system. We
want these people to learn English and become citizens.” If all the
illegal immigrants left the area, Lyons added, “our industries would
shut down.”</p><p>No one really knows how many of the state’s estimated
180,000 illegal immigrants have left or been replaced, but the rash of
criticism from employers that depend on immigrant labor was so intense
by this spring that Beason, the state senator, sponsored a revised
version of the law to ease penalties for businesses that employ illegal
immigrants.</p><p>Asked about employers’ recruitment difficulties,
Beason said it would take time for Alabama natives to return to the kind
of menial jobs they did before immigrants crowded out the field,
accepting work for lower wages. He said he hoped that the law would
improve the “work ethic” of young people and give jobless dropouts a
chance to start over. “Using illegals has warped the job market and
taken unfair advantage of them, too,” Beason said.</p><p>
<strong>Living in constant fear</strong>
</p><p>The outcry from legal Hispanic residents has been another
unforeseen complication. Mexican communities here are a dense mix of
legal and illegal residents, often within the same families. Some
breadwinners who fled to neighboring states have returned to their wives
and children, using fake work IDs or trying to stay invisible at home.
Their legal relatives live in a shared state of tension, fearful of
having family cars confiscated by police or documents rejected by
suspicious clerks.</p><p>A few miles outside Albertville, Armando
Macias, 43, lives in a trailer with his wife, Nora, and their two small
children. The rooms are decorated with prayers and a candlelit shrine to
the Virgin of Guadalupe. </p><p>Macias, who came to the United States
in 1989, has a work permit. Both children are U.S. citizens, and the
family has spent thousands of dollars on lawyers so Nora can become a
legal resident. The parents said the new law has left them confused and
scared, reluctant even to seek public vaccination cards for the
children.</p><p>“People think we are illegal now because of our skin,”
said Macias, who often drives up Chandler Mountain to work in the tomato
fields. The family has had domestic problems and brushes with the law;
Macias was once arrested for being drunk, and welfare workers removed
the children until the trailer was refurbished. Still, the couple seem
determined and united. </p><p>“We have made mistakes, but we are not
criminals or terrorists,” Macias said. “We came here to work, and
Alabama is our home, but now we’re not wanted.”</p><p>
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