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<div class="ad"> </div></div><div id="opinionator"><div align="left"><span class="timestamp published" title="2012-05-20T21:51:14+00:00">May 20, 2012, <span>9:51 pm</span></span><h3 class="entry-title">Entitlement Reform For the Entitled</h3>
<address class="byline author vcard">By <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/ezekiel-j-emanuel/" class="url fn" title="See all posts by EZEKIEL J. EMANUEL">EZEKIEL J. EMANUEL</a></address><div class="entry-content">
<div class="inlineModule"><div class="entry categoryDescriptionModule"><p class="summary"> <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/ezekiel-j-emanuel/">Ezekiel J. Emanuel</a> on health policy and other topics.</p>
</div><div class="entry entryTagsModule"><h4>Tags:</h4><p class="meta tags"><a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/income/" rel="tag">Income</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/medicare/" rel="tag">Medicare</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/retirement/" rel="tag">Retirement</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/social-security/" rel="tag">Social Security</a>, <a href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/taxes/" rel="tag">taxes</a></p>
</div></div><p>Philadelphia</p><p>IF
nothing is done about entitlement spending, and if our current tax
breaks continue, then by 2025, tax revenue will be able to pay for
Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, interest on the debt and nothing
else. The rest — defense, medical research, highways, education, energy —
will have to be financed by deficits. Social Security’s funding is
predicted to run short in 2033, Medicare’s trust fund in 2024.</p><p>Like
much else in Washington, there is little bipartisan agreement on what
to do about it. When it comes to Social Security and Medicare,
Republicans emphasize cuts and privatization, while Democrats strongly
oppose both approaches. Neither side was able to embrace the 2010
bipartisan Simpson-Bowles plan, which proposed lowering Social
Security’s cost-of-living adjustments, increasing the taxable maximum
income and raising the eligibility age to 69 by 2075.</p><p>But here is a
better bipartisan reform: Graduated eligibility. Instead of having a
fixed age at which people can get Social Security and Medicare, we
should link the age of eligibility to lifetime wealth. The richer you
are, the older you would have to be to be eligible for Social Security
and Medicare.</p><p>Here’s how it would work. People in the bottom half
of the lifetime earnings distribution would become eligible for normal
retirement benefits at age 65 for Medicare and 66 for Social Security,
just as they are today. But people in the next quarter of the lifetime
earnings distribution would become eligible for the respective programs
at 67 and 68, and those in the top quarter would become eligible at 70
and 71. All eligibility ages would increase over time, as they are
scheduled to now.</p><p>In all income brackets, those choosing to retire
later than the standard age would still receive higher Social Security
benefits, called delayed-retirement credits. For those choosing to
retire earlier and accept reduced benefits, on the other hand, nothing
would change in the lower bracket, while the minimum age would increase
in the two higher income brackets. And wealthier older people would have
the choice of buying into Medicare at age 65, though they would have to
pay for it before the age of 70.</p><p>Demographic changes since Social
Security was first enacted are a good argument for raising the
retirement age. In 1935, a man who reached the age of 65 was likely to
live almost 13 more years (and a woman, almost 15). But today, Americans
who reach 65 are likely to live nearly 19 more years.</p><p>But
graduated eligibility also accounts for the fact that the rich live
longer than the poor, and that the longevity gap is increasing. In 2007,
the Social Security Administration did a study of mortality and income.
Among 65-year-old men born in 1922, those with income in the top half
lived an average of 2.2 years longer than those in the bottom half. But
among 65-year-old men born in 1941, those with income in the top half
were projected to live an average of 5.3 years longer. Thus, requiring
wealthier Americans to wait five more years to claim Social Security and
Medicare has the effect of giving an average rich and an average poor
person nearly the same number of years of benefits.</p><p>This reform
also combines several important values. The main reason Social Security
and Medicare have such strong public support is that they are universal
benefits; they are not just for the poor. With graduated eligibility,
all Americans will still get benefits, regardless of income; the only
thing that changes is when. And because the rich, on average, would live
longer and get the same number of years of benefits as those in lower
income brackets, the plan should appeal to those who still feel strongly
that everyone should pay their fair share.</p><p>It also makes
practical sense. Americans in the bottom half of the income distribution
are more likely to have jobs in manual labor, which is more physically
difficult for older people to perform. White-collar workers in the upper
bracket don’t face the same physical demands. And their greater
earnings mean they should be able to save more to support themselves
longer.</p><p>Graduated eligibility should be based on lifetime earnings
instead of any particular year’s income, which can be quite volatile.
It would be administratively simple to determine each citizen’s lifetime
earnings, because the Social Security Administration already has all
this data. And this measure would have the benefit of encouraging
personal responsibility; people making more than the median income would
have an incentive to save. Anyone who earned a lot at one time but
frittered it away would have to continue working longer.</p><p>Either in
the lame duck Congressional session after the election or in 2013,
there will surely be debate about a deal to address taxes and the
deficit. Graduated eligibility should be on the table. It would not
completely close the shortfall of the trust funds, but it would put
Social Security and Medicare on a stronger financial footing, while
reaffirming their universal nature and reflecting the fortunate fact
that Americans are living longer.</p></div></div></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br>