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<div class="timestamp">May 12, 2012</div>
<h1>JPMorgan Sought Loophole on Risky Trading</h1>
<span><h6 class="byline">By <a rel="author" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/edward_wyatt/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More Articles by Edward Wyatt" class="meta-per">EDWARD WYATT</a></h6>
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<p>
WASHINGTON — Soon after lawmakers finished work on the nation’s new
financial regulatory law, a team of JPMorgan Chase lobbyists descended
on Washington. Their goal was to obtain special breaks that would allow
banks to make big bets in their portfolios, including some of the types
of trading that led to the $2 billion loss now rocking the bank. </p>
<p>
Several visits over months by the bank’s well-connected chief executive,
Jamie Dimon, and his top aides were aimed at persuading regulators to
create a loophole in the law, known as the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/v/volcker_rule/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about the Volcker Rule." class="meta-classifier">Volcker Rule</a>. The rule was designed by Congress to limit the very kind of proprietary trading that JPMorgan was seeking. </p>
<p>
Even after the official draft of the Volcker Rule regulations was
released last October, JPMorgan and other banks continued their
full-court press to avoid limits. </p>
<p>
In early February, a group of JPMorgan executives met with Federal
Reserve officials and warned that anything but a loose interpretation of
the trading ban would hurt the bank’s hedging activities, according to a
person with knowledge of the meeting. In the past, the bank argued that
it needed to hedge risk stemming from its large retail banking
business, but it has also said that it supported portions of the Volcker
Rule. </p>
<p>
In the February meeting was Ina Drew, the head of JPMorgan’s chief
investment office, the unit that suffered the $2 billion loss. </p>
<p>
JPMorgan officials declined to comment for this article. But in the
company’s annual report, Mr. Dimon wrote: “If the intent of the Volcker
Rule was to eliminate pure proprietary trading and to ensure that market
making is done in a way that won’t jeopardize a financial institution,
we agree.” </p>
<p>
He added: “We, however, do disagree with some of the proposed specifics
because we think they could have huge negative unintended consequences
for American competitiveness and economic growth.” </p>
<p>
JPMorgan wasn’t the only large institution making a special plea, but it
stood out because of Mr. Dimon’s prominence as a skilled Washington
operator and because of his bank’s nearly unblemished record during the
financial crisis. </p>
<p>
“JPMorgan was the one that made the strongest arguments to allow
hedging, and specifically to allow this type of portfolio hedging,” said
a former Treasury official who was present during the Dodd-Frank
debates. </p>
<p>
Those efforts produced “a big enough loophole that a Mack truck could
drive right through it,” Senator Carl Levin, the Michigan Democrat who
co-wrote the legislation that led to the Volcker Rule, said Friday after
the disclosure of the JPMorgan loss. </p>
<p>
The loophole is known as portfolio hedging, a strategy that essentially
allows banks to view an investment portfolio as a whole and take actions
to offset the risks of the entire portfolio. That contrasts with the
traditional definition of hedging, which matches an individual security
or trading position with an inversely related investment — so when one
goes up, the other goes down. </p>
<p>
Portfolio hedging “is a license to do pretty much anything,” Mr. Levin
said. He and Senator Jeff Merkley, an Oregon Democrat who worked on the
law with Mr. Levin, sent a letter to regulators in February, making
clear that hedging on that scale was not their intention. </p>
<p>
“There is no statutory basis to support the proposed portfolio hedging
language,” they wrote, “nor is there anything in the legislative history
to suggest that it should be allowed.” </p>
<p>
While the banks lobbied furiously, they were in some ways pushing on an
open door. Officials at the Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve,
the main overseer of the banks, as well as the Comptroller of the
Currency, also wanted a loose set of restrictions, according to people
who took part in the drafting of the Volcker Rule who spoke on the
condition of anonymity because no regulatory agencies would officially
talk about the rule on Friday. </p>
<p>
The Fed and the Treasury’s views prevailed in the face of opposition
from both the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity
Futures Trading Commission, which regulate markets and companies’
reporting of their financial positions. Both commissions and the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures bank deposits, pushed for
tighter restrictions, the people said. </p>
<p>
Even some of those who have said the Volcker Rule is fatally flawed
agree that, in its current form, the rule would have allowed JPMorgan
Chase to do what it did. </p>
<p>
“Would the Dodd-Frank law have stopped this?” asked Peter J. Wallison, a
fellow in financial policy studies at the American Enterprise
Institute, who has been a consistent critic of the postfinancial crisis
reforms. “No,” he answered. “Dodd-Frank specifically allows hedging and
market-making transactions.” </p>
<p>
The Volcker Rule was not intended to offer such a broad exemption to the
ban on proprietary trading. People involved with the drafting of the
Dodd-Frank law itself say that the authors fought repeatedly to tighten
the language, in part to specifically exclude portfolio hedging. </p>
<p>
In its earliest form, the Merkley-Levin amendment to the Dodd-Frank
regulatory law said that any “risk-mitigating hedging activity” — or
hedging positions that reduced a bank’s risk — would be allowed. Through
several drafts, that exception was steadily narrowed. The final law
permitted only hedges tied to specific investments. </p>
<p>
But when the <a title="Proposed rules (PDF)." href="http://sec.gov/rules/proposed/2011/34-65545.pdf">proposed rules</a>
were released in October 2011, more than a year after Dodd-Frank went
into effect, the exemptions were much broader, and allowing a bank to
use hedging techniques in a portfolio was included as a potential
loophole. </p>
<p>
The drafters recognized that the exemption could be a potential problem.
In soliciting comments from bankers, they specifically asked if
portfolio hedging created “the potential for abuse of the hedging
exemption” or make it too difficult to tell whether certain bets are
hedging or prohibited trading. </p>
<p>
Paul A. Volcker thinks there is a potential for abuse. Mr. Volcker, the
former Federal Reserve chairman whose advocacy for the proprietary
trading ban was so fierce that his name was attached to it, told a
Congressional hearing this year that with hundreds of trillions of
dollars of <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/d/derivatives/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about derviatives." class="meta-classifier">derivatives</a>
being traded, “you have to wonder whether they’re all directed toward
some explicit protection against some explicit risk.” </p>
<p>
Mr. Dimon said on Thursday that JPMorgan’s “synthetic credit portfolio,”
an amalgam of derivatives and hedging bets that blew up in recent
weeks, was part of “a strategy to hedge the firm’s overall credit
exposure.” But “Volcker allows that,” he said. </p>
<p>
That was not the intent of the law, said Phil Angelides, who headed the
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. “I think the regulators need to go
back and sharpen their pencils,” Mr. Angelides said. “The intent of the
law was to stop insured depositories from doing propriety trading with
this kind of risk profile.” And whatever JPMorgan calls it, “it sure
looks like proprietary trading, which Dodd-Frank was designed to stop
insured depositories from engaging in.” </p>
<div class="authorIdentification">
<p>Annie Lowrey contributed reporting from Washington and Ben Protess from Chicago.</p> </div>
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