<span class="entry-category"></span><h1 class="entry-title">Losing Your Religion? Analytic Thinking Weakens Religious Belief</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-author"><span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">By </span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://healthland.time.com/author/asifferlin/" title="View all posts by Alexandra Sifferlin">Alexandra Sifferlin</a></span><span class="meta-sep"> | </span><a href="http://www.twitter.com/acsifferlin" class="author-twitter" target="_blank">@acsifferlin</a><span class="meta-sep"> | </span><span class="entry-date"><abbr class="published" title="2012-04-27T08:50:31-0400">April 27, 2012</abbr></span><span class="meta-sep"> | </span><span class="comments-link"><a href="http://healthland.time.com/2012/04/27/losing-your-religion-analytic-thinking-weakens-religious-belief/#comments"><span class="dsq-postid" rel="58316 http://healthland.time.com/?p=58316">+</span></a></span></div>
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<div class="entry-thumb entry-thumb-article-medium"><img src="http://timewellness.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/the-thinker.jpg?w=360&h=240&crop=1" class="attachment-article-medium wp-post-image" alt="Getty Images" title="the thinker rodin" height="240" width="360"><div class="entry-thumb-meta">
<div class="entry-thumb-credit">Getty Images</div><div class="entry-thumb-description">Simply viewing an image of Rodin's sculpture "The Thinker" promotes religious disbelief.</div></div></div><p>Most
of the world’s population believes in God, or gods, but alongside them
there are also hundreds of millions of nonbelievers. What makes one a
believer or not?<span id="more-58316"></span></p>
<p>Religious faith is likely a complex phenomenon, shaped by multiple
aspects of psychology and culture, say the authors of a new study. But
the researchers, Ara Norenzayan and Will Gervais of the University of
British Columbia in Canada, showed in a series of clever studies that at
least one factor consistently appears to decrease the strength of
people’s religious belief: analytic thinking.</p>
<p>“Religion is such a big force in the world,” says Norenzayan, an
associate professor of psychology. “Hardly a day goes by without
allegiances made to God, but we know very little about it. We are trying
to fill this gap in our knowledge.”</p>
<p>(<strong>MORE</strong><strong>:</strong> <a href="http://healthland.time.com/2012/03/13/study-narcissism-and-religion-an-unethical-mix/" target="_blank">Study: Narcissism and Religion an Unethical Mix</a>)</p>
<p>In one study, the researchers correlated participants’ performance on
a test of analytic thinking with measures of their religious belief.
The thinking task included three problems requiring participants to
analytically override their initial intuition. For example, one question
asked: “A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more
than the ball. How much does the ball cost?” The immediate, intuitive
response is 10 cents. Those who take the time to figure out the right
answer (5 cents) are judged to be more analytical, and these people
tended to score lower on the measures of religious belief.</p>
<p>The team then conducted four other studies showing that when people
are primed to think analytically, it weakens the strength of their
religious belief. In one experiment, researchers asked participants to
look at images of sculpture: either Rodin’s <em>The Thinker,</em> a well-known portrayal of deep thought, or another artwork of a discus thrower that was matched to <em>The Thinker</em>
for color and posture. (In a previous trial, the researchers confirmed
that simply viewing Rodin’s work improved people’s performance on a
syllogistic reasoning task.) Those who viewed <em>The Thinker</em> were also significantly less likely than the control group to say they believed in God.</p>
<p>In other trials, researchers primed analytic thought in subtler ways —
for instance, by asking people to make simple sentences out of words,
which included either thinking-related words like <em>ponder</em> or <em>rational</em> or control words like <em>hammer</em> and <em>brown</em>.
Another task asked people to rate their religious beliefs on a
questionnaire presented in one of two fonts: a clear, easy-to-process
font or an italicized type that made the text difficult to read
(previous research has found that presenting information in hard-to-read
type boosts people’s ability to reason). Across the board, participants
who were primed for rational thought were less likely to express
religious belief. What’s more, researchers had measured religious belief
in many of the participants several weeks prior to the analytic
thinking experiments and found no difference between the groups.</p>
<p>(<strong>MORE</strong><strong>:</strong> <a title="Religion’s Secret to Happiness: It’s Friends, Not Faith" href="http://healthland.time.com/2010/12/12/religions-secret-to-happiness-its-friends-not-faith/">Religion’s Secret to Happiness: It’s Friends, Not Faith</a>)</p>
<p>The impact of the thinking tasks was significant, but relatively small. <a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/to-keep-the-faith-dont-get-analytical.html" target="_blank">Reported <em>Science</em> Now</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>“We’re not turning people into atheists,” says Gervais.
Rather, when the questionnaire responses of all subjects in an
experiment are taken together, they indicate a small shift away from
religious belief.</p></blockquote>
<p>There are surely many factors at play here, but the researchers say
their results suggest that one’s style of thought may be a crucial
contributor to religious belief. Intuitive thinkers are more likely to
be religious; analytical types, less so. “One explanation for belief is
that it is based on a number of intuitions we have about the world
around us. People don’t necessarily come to belief because they reason
into it. Intuition helps us,” says Norenzayan.</p>
<p>For instance, the commonly held belief that the mind and soul are
distinct from the body stems from intuition. “It is not based in logic
or reason. That’s not why people find this compelling,” says Norenzayan.</p>
<p>(<strong>MORE</strong><strong>:<strong> </strong></strong><a title="How Feelings of Gratitude Breed Happiness and Well-Being" href="http://healthland.time.com/2010/11/25/how-feelings-of-gratitude-breed-happiness-and-well-being/">How Feelings of Gratitude Breed Happiness and Well-Being</a>)</p>
<p>That’s not to say that one way of thinking is more valuable than the
other, only that the friction between intuitive and analytical thinking
may help explain the origins of religious belief — or disbelief. “We
know that in human psychology there are two systems of thinking. System
one is intuitive; it is rapid and effortless. System two is analytical,
and is more reasoned and thoughtful. Our study supports the idea that
analytic thinking can push people away from intuitive thinking,” says
Norenzayan.</p>
<p>The authors stress that their findings only scratch the surface of
how religious belief develops. Faith is a complicated thing, influenced
by culture and experience, Norenzayan says, such as those who find
religion during situations of fear or morality. “We are not saying that
analytical thinking turns people against religion. … There are lots of
things going on,” says Norenzayan. “Our findings do not suggest one form
of thinking is better than the other either. We don’t believe that.
Both are important and both have costs and benefits.”</p>
<p>The study was <a title="published" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6080/493">published</a> Thursday in the journal <em>Science.</em></p>
<p><strong>SPECIAL</strong><strong>:</strong> <a title="The Great Introverts and Extroverts of Our Time" href="http://healthland.time.com/2012/01/27/the-great-introverts-and-extroverts-of-our-time/slide/moses-religious-leader/#moses-religious-leader">The Great Introverts and Extroverts of Our Time</a></p>
</div>
<div class="entry-utility"><div class="entry-external-links">
<h3 class="external-links-title">Read other related stories about this:</h3>
<ul class="time_external_post_links"><li><a href="http://consumer.healthday.com/Article.asp?AID=664125" target="_blank">Analytical Thinkers Seem to Be Less Religious, Study Suggests</a>
<span class="source">HealthDay</span>
</li><li><a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/to-keep-the-faith-dont-get-analytical.html" target="_blank">To Keep the Faith, Don't Get Analytical</a>
<span class="source">Science Now</span>
</li><li><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/04/study-of-the-day-even-the-religious-lose-faith-when-they-think-critically/256402/" target="_blank">Study of the Day: Even the Religious Lose Faith When They Think Critically</a>
<span class="source">The Atlantic</span>
</li></ul>
</div></div><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br>