<div>It's easy to forget how the web of life on our planet, in the oceans as on land, is fundamentally based on very small organisms, as the following peer reviewed science article in part illuminates:</div><div> </div>
<div><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737">http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737</a></div><div> </div><div>Ocean Acidification-Induced Food Quality Deterioration Constrains Trophic Transfer</div>
<div><p class="authors"><span rel="dc:creator"><span>Dennis Rossoll</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#equal-contrib"><font>#</font></a></sup>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Rafael Bermúdez</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#equal-contrib"><font>#</font></a></sup>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Helena Hauss</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Kai G. Schulz</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Ulf Riebesell</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Ulrich Sommer</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup>, <span rel="dc:creator"><span>Monika Winder</span></span><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff1"><font>1</font></a></sup><font><sup>,</sup><sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#aff2">2</a></sup><sup><a class="fnoteref" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#cor1">*</a></sup></font></p>
<p class="affiliations"><a id="aff1" name="aff1"></a><strong>1</strong> Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany, <a id="aff2" name="aff2"></a><strong>2</strong> Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</p>
<h2>Abstract</h2><p>Our present understanding of ocean acidification (OA) impacts on marine organisms caused by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<font><sub>2</sub>) concentration is almost entirely limited to single species responses. OA consequences for food web interactions are, however, still unknown. Indirect OA effects can be expected for consumers by changing the nutritional quality of their prey. We used a laboratory experiment to test potential OA effects on algal fatty acid (FA) composition and resulting copepod growth. We show that elevated CO<sub>2</sub> significantly changed the FA concentration and composition of the diatom <em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em>, which constrained growth and reproduction of the copepod <em>Acartia tonsa</em>. A significant decline in both total FAs (28.1 to 17.4 fg cell<sup>−1</sup>) and the ratio of long-chain polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PUFA:SFA) of food algae cultured under elevated (750 ľatm) compared to present day (380 ľatm) <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> was directly translated to copepods. The proportion of total essential FAs declined almost tenfold in copepods and the contribution of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) tripled at high CO<sub>2</sub>. This rapid and reversible CO<sub>2</sub>-dependent shift in FA concentration and composition caused a decrease in both copepod somatic growth and egg production from 34 to 5 eggs female<sup>−1</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>. Because the diatom-copepod link supports some of the most productive ecosystems in the world, our study demonstrates that OA can have far-reaching consequences for ocean food webs by changing the nutritional quality of essential macromolecules in primary producers that cascade up the food web.</font></p>
<p>------------------------</p><p>And toward the bottom of the text in this study:</p><p>Our study suggests that OA can have important consequences for consumer growth and production by affecting the nutritional quality of primary producers that translates to higher trophic levels. These results are consistent with experiments on freshwater cladocerans, fed with algae from an acidic lake <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Locke1">[37]</a>, suggesting that our results are not restricted to monospecific laboratory cultures and may be expected at community level. However, future experimental manipulations are required to clarify the widespread response of phytoplankton biochemical composition to ocean acidification at relevant <em>p</em>CO<font><sub>2</sub> levels in other taxonomic groups and natural communities. It can be expected that trophic upgrading and differential algae sensitivity to <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> at the community and ecosystem level may compensate for low food quality observed at the single species level. Moreover, the tolerance to <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> and pH might be lower for monocultures compared to natural populations, which have high ecophysiological variability </font><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Paasche1">[38]</a> and genetic diversity, important for adaption to various environmental factors <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Sunday1">[39]</a>. Nonetheless, shifts in FA composition as a response to changing CO<font><sub>2</sub> have been documented in other phytoplankton species </font><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Sato1">[26]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Riebesell5">[40]</a>, and FA-responses in phytoplankton as observed here might be important during bloom periods if CO<font><sub>2</sub> sensitive organisms dominate.</font></p>
<p>The effect of OA on nutritional quality in the diatom-copepod food chain relationship observed in our study may have far reaching consequences for food webs since FAs originating in phytoplankton are sequentially incorporated into the total lipid fraction of zooplankton and triacylglycerol of larval fish <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Fraser1">[41]</a>. Given that fish is a critical natural resource <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Food1">[42]</a>, acidification-driven food quality deterioration may impair fish production by changing the biochemical composition of food algae and its transfer to higher trophic levels <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Kang1">[43]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0034737#pone.0034737-Fabry1">[44]</a>. While it is difficult to extrapolate from monocultures to community level, these results point to the likelihood that OA consequences go beyond direct physiological impacts and that indirect effects through trophic interactions need to be considered.</p>
<p>---------------------------------------</p><p>Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett</p></div>