<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:arial, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:10pt"><div style="RIGHT: auto"><SPAN style="RIGHT: auto">Wayne writes.</SPAN></div>
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<div style="RIGHT: auto"><SPAN style="RIGHT: auto">"Now that oysters, the predominant aphrodisiac for white Republican men, are threatened by global warming, look to see a change of attitude by at least some white Republican me -- they will begin acknowledging global warming. Global warming for them means less libido, hence less sex. Can't have that."</SPAN></div>
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<div style="RIGHT: auto"><SPAN style="RIGHT: auto">Reduced libido and less offspring for Rush <VAR id=yui-ie-cursor></VAR>Limbaugh and ilk? Well, if there ever was a case FOR global warning, you just made it. </SPAN></div>
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<div style="RIGHT: auto"><SPAN style="RIGHT: auto">Donovan Arnold</div></SPAN>
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<DIV style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ccc 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 0; MARGIN: 5px 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; HEIGHT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 0px; BORDER-TOP: #ccc 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ccc 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class=hr contentEditable=false readonly="true"></DIV><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</SPAN></B> Art Deco <art.deco.studios@gmail.com><BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</SPAN></B> vision2020@moscow.com <BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</SPAN></B> Friday, April 13, 2012 6:05 PM<BR><B><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</SPAN></B> Re: [Vision2020] April 2012: "The Pacific oyster, <SPAN id=misspell-0 class=mark>Crassostrea</SPAN> <SPAN id=misspell-1 class=mark>gigas</SPAN>: Negative Correlation to Elevated CO2 levels: Implications for Ocean Acidification"<BR></FONT></DIV><BR>
<DIV id=yiv124490158>This is a very important political development.<BR><BR>Remember during the Reagan/Republican years that very little legislation was passed and very little concern was shown by the administration on the subject of AIDS since mostly gay men in the USA and blacks and Asians globally were the victims. However, when white Republican, allegedly heterosexual men began being afflicted with AIDS, concern and legislation was rapidly ramped up.<BR><BR>Now that oysters, the predominant aphrodisiac for white Republican men, are threatened by global warming, look to see a change of attitude by at least some white Republican me -- they will begin acknowledging global warming. Global warming for them means less libido, hence less sex. Can't have that.<BR><BR>w.<BR><BR><BR>
<DIV class=yiv124490158gmail_quote>On Fri, Apr 13, 2012 at 4:23 PM, Ted <SPAN id=misspell-2 class=mark>Moffett</SPAN> <SPAN dir=ltr><<A href="mailto:starbliss@gmail.com" rel=nofollow target=_blank ymailto="mailto:starbliss@gmail.com">starbliss@gmail.com</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex" class=yiv124490158gmail_quote>
<DIV>The dramatic decline in the Arctic, and impacts of ocean acidification (as the following just published peer reviewed science paper described lower down, as named in subject heading, indicates), are but two among many impacts (increasing floods, fires, drought and eventually faster rate of sea level rise and species extinction) of human sourced CO2 emissions and other human activities, that will only increase in magnitude if we as a species do not profoundly alter course in a matter of decades. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Consider that the impacts we are already witnessing are with only about 40% of the way towards a doubling of atmospheric CO2 level, from about 280 ppm <SPAN id=misspell-3 class=mark>pre</SPAN>-industrial to the current level measured at the <SPAN id=misspell-4 class=mark>Mauna</SPAN> <SPAN id=misspell-5 class=mark>Loa</SPAN> site, ( http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ ) 394 ppm, which shows about at 2 ppm increase in the past year. At this rate, in 83 years, before the end of this century, humanity will have pushed atmospheric CO2 to about a doubling over <SPAN id=misspell-6 class=mark>pre</SPAN>-industrial levels, to 560 ppm, and another doubling will be underway. The total planetary reserves of fossil fuels will allow us to go beyond the first doubling of atmospheric CO2 level. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Global average temperatures have increased about .8 C in the <SPAN id=misspell-7 class=mark>GISS</SPAN> temperature record, </DIV>
<DIV>( http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/2011/Fig2.gif ) and if this rate of temperature increase follows the rate of potential atmospheric CO2 increase in a business as usual scenario, we will reach over 2 C. increase in global average temperatures by 2100, a level that many climate scientists think will result in unmanageable global impacts, "tipping points", as they say, such as meters of sea level rise from Greenland destabilization. And of course, with increasing industrialization and demand for energy, it is very possible that human fossil fuel use and CO2 emissions will increase, thus rates of atmospheric CO2 increase will increase, especially if carbon sink reversal increases in magnitude. Thus it is also within the range of significant scientific probability that global average temperature increase will increase in rate, especially given significant positive <SPAN id=misspell-8 class=mark>feedbacks</SPAN>,
reduced albedo from loss of ice cover, especially in the Arctic, among them.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Good luck, kids! At 60 now, I certainly won't be around in 2100, without medical breakthroughs. But some born today will, who will be about 88 in 2100. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>But what I find astonishing is the shrug I have witnesses from the well educated in their middle years (30-50) who are well aware that climate change is happening, who state that it "won't impact them," but will impact the next generation. Wrong! Climate change is already impacting us, and in a matter of decades the impacts will significantly increase, so even for someone 60, let alone 30-50, if they live to 90, not so incredible, even they will witness increases in impacts, by 2042.</DIV>
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<DIV>http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_57/issue_3/0698.html</DIV>
<DIV>
<div>The Pacific oyster, <I><SPAN id=misspell-9 class=mark>Crassostrea</SPAN> <SPAN id=misspell-10 class=mark>gigas</SPAN></I>, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean acidification effects</div>
<div>Alan Barton, Burke Hales, George G. <SPAN id=misspell-11 class=mark>Waldbusser</SPAN>, Chris <SPAN id=misspell-12 class=mark>Langdon</SPAN> and Richard A. <SPAN id=misspell-13 class=mark>Feely</SPAN></div>
<div><SPAN id=misspell-14 class=mark>Limnol</SPAN>. <SPAN id=misspell-15 class=mark>Oceanogr</SPAN>., 57(3), 2012, 698-710 | <SPAN id=misspell-16 class=mark>DOI</SPAN>: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.3.0698</div>
<div>ABSTRACT: We report results from an oyster hatchery on the Oregon coast, where intake waters experienced variable carbonate chemistry (<SPAN id=misspell-17 class=mark>aragonite</SPAN> saturation state < 0.8 to > 3.2; pH < 7.6 to > 8.2) in the early summer of 2009. Both larval production and <SPAN id=misspell-18 class=mark>midstage</SPAN> growth (∼ 120 to ∼ 150 µm) of the oyster <I><SPAN id=misspell-19 class=mark>Crassostrea</SPAN> <SPAN id=misspell-20 class=mark>gigas</SPAN></I> were significantly negatively correlated with the <SPAN id=misspell-21 class=mark>aragonite</SPAN> saturation state of waters in which larval oysters were spawned and reared for the first 48 h of life. The effects of the initial spawning conditions did not have a significant effect on early-stage growth (growth from D-hinge stage to ∼ 120 µm), suggesting a delayed effect of water chemistry on larval development.</div>
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<div><A href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120411132219.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily+%28ScienceDaily%3A+Latest+Science+News%29" rel=nofollow target=_blank>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120411132219.htm?utm_source=feedburner&<SPAN id=misspell-22 class=mark>utm</SPAN>_medium=feed&<SPAN id=misspell-23 class=mark>utm</SPAN>_campaign=Feed%3A+<SPAN id=misspell-24 class=mark>sciencedaily</SPAN>+%28<SPAN id=misspell-25 class=mark>ScienceDaily</SPAN>%3A+Latest+Science+News%29</A></div>
<H1>Ocean Acidification Linked to Larval Oyster Failure</H1>
<DIV style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px">
<div><SPAN><SPAN id=misspell-26 class=mark>ScienceDaily</SPAN> (Apr. 11, 2012)</SPAN> — Researchers at Oregon State University have definitively linked an increase in ocean acidification to the collapse of oyster seed production at a commercial oyster hatchery in Oregon, where larval growth had declined to a level considered by the owners to be "non-economically viable."</div>
<div>A study by the researchers found that elevated seawater carbon dioxide (CO<FONT><SUB>2</SUB>) levels, resulting in more corrosive ocean water, inhibited the larval oysters from developing their shells and growing at a pace that would make commercial production cost-effective. As atmospheric CO<SUB>2</SUB> levels continue to rise, this may serve as the proverbial canary in the coal mine for other ocean acidification impacts on shellfish, the scientists say.</FONT></div>
<div>Results of the research have just been published in the journal, <I><SPAN id=misspell-27 class=mark>Limnology</SPAN> and Oceanography.</I></div>
<div>"This is one of the first times that we have been able to show how ocean acidification affects oyster larval development at a critical life stage," said Burke Hales, an <SPAN id=misspell-28 class=mark>OSU</SPAN> chemical oceanographer and co-author on the study. "The predicted rise of atmospheric CO<FONT><SUB>2</SUB> in the next two to three decades may push oyster larval growth past the break-even point in terms of production."</FONT></div>
<div>The owners of Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery at Oregon's <SPAN id=misspell-29 class=mark>Netarts</SPAN> Bay began experiencing a decline in oyster seed production several years ago, and looked at potential causes including low oxygen and pathogenic bacteria. Alan Barton, who works at the hatchery and is an author on the journal article, was able to eliminate those potential causes and shifted his focus to acidification.</div>
<div>Barton sent samples to <SPAN id=misspell-30 class=mark>OSU</SPAN> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory for analysis. Their ensuing study clearly linked the production failures to the CO<FONT><SUB>2</SUB> levels in the water in which the larval oysters are spawned and spend the first 24 hours of their lives, the critical time when they develop from fertilized eggs to swimming larvae, and build their initial shells.</FONT></div>
<div>"The early growth stage for oysters is particularly sensitive to the carbonate chemistry of the water," said George <SPAN id=misspell-31 class=mark>Waldbusser</SPAN>, a <SPAN id=misspell-32 class=mark>benthic</SPAN> ecologist in <SPAN id=misspell-33 class=mark>OSU's</SPAN> College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. "As the water becomes more acidified, it affects the formation of calcium carbonate, the mineral of which the shell material consists. As the CO<FONT><SUB>2</SUB> goes up, the mineral stability goes down, ultimately leading to reduced growth or mortality."</FONT></div>
<div>Commercial oyster production on the West Coast of North America generates more than $100 million in gross sales annually, generating economic activity of some $273 million. The industry has depended since the 1970s on oyster hatcheries for a steady supply of the seed used by growers. From 2007 to 2010, major hatcheries supplying the seed for West Coast oyster growers suffered persistent production failures.</div>
<div>The wild stocks of non-hatchery oysters simultaneously showed low recruitment, putting additional strain on limited seed supply.</div>
<div>Hales said <SPAN id=misspell-34 class=mark>Netarts</SPAN> Bay, where the Whiskey Creek hatchery is located, experiences a wide range of chemistry fluctuations. The <SPAN id=misspell-35 class=mark>OSU</SPAN> researchers say hatchery operators may be able to adapt their operations to take advantage of periods when water quality is at its highest.</div>
<div>"In addition to the impact of seasonal upwelling, the water chemistry changes with the tidal cycle, and with the time of day," Hales said. "Afternoon sunlight, for example, promotes photosynthesis in the bay and that production can absorb some of the carbon dioxide and lower the <SPAN id=misspell-36 class=mark>corrosiveness</SPAN> of the water."</div>
<div>A previous study co-authored by Hales found the water that is being <SPAN id=misspell-37 class=mark>upwelled</SPAN> in the Pacific Ocean off the Oregon coast has been kept at depth away from the surface for about 50 years -- meaning it was last exposed to the atmosphere a half-century ago, when carbon dioxide levels were much lower. "Since atmospheric CO<FONT><SUB>2</SUB> levels have risen significantly in the past half-century, it means that the water that will be <SPAN id=misspell-38 class=mark>upwelled</SPAN> in the future will become increasingly be more corrosive," Hales said.</FONT></div>
<div>The <SPAN id=misspell-39 class=mark>OSU</SPAN> researchers also found that larval oysters showed delayed response to the water chemistry, which may cast new light on other experiments looking at the impacts of acidification on shellfish. In their study, they found that larval oysters raised in water that was acidic, but non-lethal, had significantly less growth in later stages of their life.</div>
<div>"The takeaway message here is that the response to poor water quality isn't always immediate," said <SPAN id=misspell-40 class=mark>Waldbusser</SPAN>. "In some cases, it took until three weeks after fertilization for the impact from the acidic water to become apparent. Short-term experiments of just a few days may not detect the damage."</div>
<div>The research has been funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, and supported by <SPAN id=misspell-41 class=mark>NOAA</SPAN> and the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association. Other authors on the journal article include Chris <SPAN id=misspell-42 class=mark>Langdon</SPAN>, of <SPAN id=misspell-43 class=mark>OSU's</SPAN> Hatfield Marine Science Center, and Richard <SPAN id=misspell-44 class=mark>Feely</SPAN>, of <SPAN id=misspell-45 class=mark>NOAA's</SPAN> Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratories.</div>
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