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<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/misc/nytlogo153x23.gif" alt="The New York Times" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" align="left"></a></div><br></div>
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<div class="timestamp">February 26, 2012</div>
<h1>Justice and Open Files</h1>
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<p>
Prosecutors have a constitutional duty to disclose significant evidence
favorable to a criminal defendant. But too often that duty, as laid out
by the 1963 Supreme Court decision <a href="http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/373/83/case.html">Brady v. Maryland</a>, is violated. </p>
<p>
To help ensure compliance, some prosecutors, criminal defense lawyers
and legal scholars have sensibly concluded that prosecutors’ files, as a
general rule, should be made open to defendants. In cases where turning
over evidence might endanger a witness, for example, a judge could
allow an exception. </p>
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A small number of state and local governments have adopted open-file
policies that require prosecutors to make available well before trial
all information favorable to the defense, without regard to whether such
information is likely to affect the outcome of the case. North Carolina
and Ohio and places like Milwaukee have found that such policies make
prosecutions fairer and convictions less prone to error. The Justice
Department should join this movement and set a national example. But
instead, it continues to take half-measures in response to its own
failures to meet disclosure requirements. </p>
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It responded to several cases of Brady violations by its attorneys —
including egregious misconduct in the case of the late Senator Ted
Stevens — by providing more training and by directing each United States
attorney’s office to <a href="http://www.justice.gov/dag/dag-to-usas-component-heads.html">set forth</a>
clearly its version of the department’s Brady policy, which is to turn
over favorable evidence only if it is “material,” meaning likely to make
a difference in the case’s outcome. </p>
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Those changes are not sufficient because the Brady rule is too easily
skirted. It allows prosecutors to withhold favorable evidence that they
deem not to be material, leaving defense lawyers unaware of evidence
that may be owed them. <a title="Table 4.2 Disposition of criminal cases terminated, October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008, Federal Justice Statistics" href="http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/html/fjsst/2008/fjs08st.pdf">Ninety-six percent</a>
of federal criminal cases are resolved by plea bargains, so the rule
puts defendants at a disadvantage in negotiation: without access to
information in the government’s files, they don’t know the evidence they
face and can’t assess their odds at trial. </p>
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This weakness in the Brady rule also means there is no way of knowing
how many violations are buried by plea bargains. The few that become
known, through trials or post-trial challenges, are no index of the
problem’s true dimensions, but they can show how deeply rooted it is.
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After the Justice Department <a title="Times article" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/us/politics/02stevens.html?fta=y">dropped the case against Senator Stevens</a>
in 2009 because of prosecutorial misconduct, including the withholding
of exculpatory evidence, Judge Emmet Sullivan of the Federal District
Court in Washington, D.C., chose to <a title="The Times" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/08/us/politics/08stevens.html?scp=5&sq=Scheulke%20appointment&st=cse">appoint</a> outside counsel to investigate what went wrong rather than trust the Justice Department to do it. </p>
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In 2009, Judge Mark Wolf in Boston likewise <a title="U.S. v. Jones, decided May 18, 2009" href="http://pdfserver.amlaw.com/nlj/USAvJonesMay18order.pdf">found</a>
that the long-standing problem eroded his trust in federal prosecutors.
“In the District of Massachusetts,” he wrote, “the government has had
enduring difficulty in discharging its duty to disclose material
exculpatory information to defendants in a timely manner.” </p>
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In both the federal and state court systems, it is essential that rules
about disclosing evidence be followed in ways that promote justice. An
open-files policy would come closer to meeting this important standard.
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<br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)<br><a href="mailto:art.deco.studios@gmail.com" target="_blank">art.deco.studios@gmail.com</a><br>