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<div class="ad"> </div></div><div id="campaignstops"><div align="left"><span class="timestamp published" title="2012-02-20T21:00:52+00:00">February 20, 2012, <span>9:00 pm</span></span><h3 class="entry-title">How to Get the Rich to Share the Marbles</h3>
<address class="byline author vcard">By <a href="http://campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/author/jonathan-haidt/" class="url fn" title="See all posts by JONATHAN HAIDT">JONATHAN HAIDT</a></address><div class="entry-content">
<p>Suppose
scientists discovered a clump of neurons in the brain that, when
stimulated, turned people into egalitarians. This would be good news for
Democratic strategists and speechwriters, who could now get to work
framing arguments about wealth and taxation in ways that might activate
the relevant section of cerebral cortex.</p><p>This “share-the-spoils”
button has been discovered, in a sense, but it may turn out to be harder
to press than Democrats might think.</p><p>Pretend you’re a
three-year-old, exploring an exciting new room full of toys. You and
another child come up to a large machine that has some marbles inside,
which you can see. There’s a rope running through the machine and the
two ends of the rope hang out of the front, five feet apart. If you or
your partner pulls on the rope alone, you just get more rope. But if you
both pull at the same time, the rope dislodges some marbles, which you
each get to keep. The marbles roll down a chute, and then they divide:
one rolls into the cup in front of you, three roll into the cup in front
of your partner.</p><div class="w190 right">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</div><p>This is the scenario created by developmental psychologists <a href="http://email.eva.mpg.de/%7Etomas/index.html">Michael Tomasello</a> and Katharina Hamann at the Max Planck Institute in Leipzig, Germany. In this situation, where <em>both</em>
kids have to pull for anyone to get marbles, the children equalize the
wealth about 75% of the time, with hardly any conflict. Either the
“rich” kid hands over one marble spontaneously or else the “poor” kid
asks for one and his request is immediately granted.</p><p>But an
experiment must have more than one condition, and the experimenters ran
two other versions of the study to isolate the active ingredient. What
had led to such high rates of sharing, given that three-year-olds are
often quite reluctant to share new treasures? Children who took part in
the second condition found that the marbles were already waiting for
them in the cups when they first walked up to the machine. No work
required.</p><p>In this condition, it’s finders-keepers. If you have the
bad luck to place yourself in front of the cup with one marble, then
your partner is very unlikely to offer you one, you’re unlikely to ask,
and if you do ask, you’re likely to be rebuffed. Only about 5% of the
time did any marbles change hands.</p><p>But here’s the most amazing
condition — a slight variation that reveals a deep truth. Things start
off just as in the first condition: you and your partner see two ropes
hanging out of the machine. But as you start tugging it becomes clear
that they are two separate ropes. You pull yours, and one marble rolls
out into your cup. Your partner pulls the other rope, and is rewarded
with three marbles. What happens next?</p><div class="w190 right">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyThe Hamann Tomasello apparatus</div><p>For
the most part, it’s pullers-keepers. Even though you and your partner
each did the same work (rope pulling) at more or less the same time, you
both know that you didn’t really collaborate to produce the wealth.
Only about 30% of the time did the kids work out an equal split. In
other words, the “share-the-spoils” button is not pressed by the mere
existence of inequality. It is pressed when two or more people <em>collaborated</em> to produce a gain. Once the button is pressed in both brains, both parties willingly and effortlessly share.</p><p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10278.html">Tomasello has found</a>
that chimpanzees doing tasks similar to this one do not share the
spoils, in any of the conditions. They just grab what they can,
regardless of who did what. They don’t seem to keep track of who was on
the team. Tomasello believes that the “share-the-spoils” response
emerged at some point in the last half-million years, as humans began to
forage and hunt cooperatively. Those who had the response could develop
stable, ongoing partnerships. They worked together in small teams,
which accomplished far more than individuals could on their own.</p><p>So
now let’s look at a key line in President Obama’s State of the Union
address: “we can restore an economy where everyone gets a fair shot, and
everyone does their fair share, and everyone plays by the same set of
rules.” The president is making three arguments about fairness in this
one sentence, but do any of them press the “share-the-spoils” button? If
you think that the economy is like a giant marble dispenser with a
single rope, then you’d probably agree that if everyone does their “fair
share” and pulls on the rope as hard as they can, then everyone is
entitled to a “fair share” in the nation’s wealth. But do Americans
perceive the economy as a giant collaborative project?</p><p>My parents
were teenagers in New York City during the Second World War. The home
front really was a vast and sustained communal pull. My mother remembers
saving up nickels and dimes to buy a war bond. She lingered by her
aunts and uncles, waiting for them to finish packs of cigarettes, so
that she could grab the foil wrappers for the aluminum recycling
campaign.</p><p>My parents were part of the generation that went through
the depression, a world war, and then the cold war together. This
generation accepted federal controls on wages during the war as being
necessary for the common good. In the years after the war, the
combination of high taxes on top earners, social norms against
exorbitant pay, and an increasingly sturdy safety net brought income
inequality down from a peak in 1929 to a long valley from the 1950s
through the 1970s. It’s a period known as “the great compression.”</p><p>The
compression went into reverse in the 1980s, and since then, inequality
has risen to levels approaching those of 1929. Democrats have long
sounded the alarm about rising inequality, but for decades they got
little traction among the electorate. It’s only in the last few months,
since Occupy Wall Street popularized the concept of the 1 percent, and
since we all learned that Mitt Romney pays less than 14% in federal
taxes, that the nation’s attention has been focused on the earnings of
the super-rich. Will the Democrats’ new emphasis on fairness be enough
to rally the nation to raise the top tax rates? Will Obama’s new
progressivism press the right moral buttons?</p><p>America is in deep
fiscal trouble, and things are going to get far worse when the baby
boomers retire. Normally, when a nation faces a threat to its very
survival, a leader can press the shared-sacrifice button. Churchill
offered Britons nothing but “blood, toil, tears and sweat.” John F.
Kennedy asked us all to “bear the burden of a long twilight struggle”
against communism. These were grand national projects, and everyone was
asked to pitch in.</p><p>Unfortunately, President Obama promised he
would not raise taxes on anyone but the rich. He and other Democrats
have also vowed to “protect seniors” from cuts, even though seniors
receive the vast majority of entitlement dollars. The president is
therefore in the unenviable position of arguing that we’re in big
trouble and so a small percentage of people will have to give more, but
most people will be protected from sacrifice. This appeal misses the
shared-sacrifice button completely. It also fails to push the
share-the-spoils button. When people feel that they’re all pulling on
different ropes, they don’t feel entitled to a share of other people’s
wealth, even when that wealth was acquired by luck.</p><p>If the Democrats really want to get moral psychology working for them, I suggest that they focus less on <em>distributive</em> fairness — which is about whether everyone got what they deserved — and more on <em>procedural</em>
fairness—which is about whether honest, open and impartial procedures
were used to decide who got what. If there’s a problem with the
ultra-rich, it’s not that they have too much wealth, it’s that they
bought laws that made it easy for them to gain and keep so much more
wealth in recent decades.</p><p>Sarah Palin gave a speech last September
lambasting “crony capitalism,” which she defined as “the collusion of
big government and big business and big finance to the detriment of all
the rest – to the little guys.” I think that she was on to something and
that she was right to include big government along with big business
and big finance. The problem isn’t that some kids have many more marbles
than others. The problem is that some kids are in cahoots with the
experimenters. They get to rig the marble machine before the rest of us
have a chance to play with it.</p><p><em>Jonathan Haidt is a professor
of psychology at the University of Virginia and a visiting professor at
the N.Y.U.-Stern School of Business. He is the author of “The Righteous
Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.”</em></p><p><em>The
research reported on in this article was published in 2011 in Nature,
476, p. 328-331. (Hamann, K., Warneken, F., Greenberg, J. R., &
Tomasello, M. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10278.html">Collaboration encourages equal sharing in children but not in chimpanzees</a>.)</em></p></div></div></div><div id="footer"><ul>
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