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<div class="timestamp">February 17, 2012</div>
<h1>For Women Under 30, Most Births Occur Outside Marriage</h1>
<span><h6 class="byline">By JASON DePARLE and <a rel="author" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/sabrina_tavernise/index.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More Articles by Sabrina Tavernise" class="meta-per">SABRINA TAVERNISE</a></h6>
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<p>
LORAIN, Ohio — It used to be called illegitimacy. Now it is the new
normal. After steadily rising for five decades, the share of children
born to unmarried women has crossed a threshold: more than half of
births to American women under 30 occur outside marriage. </p>
<p>
Once largely limited to poor women and minorities, motherhood without
marriage has settled deeply into middle America. The fastest growth in
the last two decades has occurred among white women in their 20s who
have some college education but no four-year degree, according to Child
Trends, a Washington research group that analyzed government data.
</p>
<p>
Among mothers of all ages, a majority — 59 percent in 2009 — are married
when they have children. But the surge of births outside marriage among
younger women — nearly two-thirds of children in the United States are
born to mothers under 30 — is both a symbol of the transforming family
and a hint of coming generational change. </p>
<p>
One group still largely resists the trend: college graduates, who
overwhelmingly marry before having children. That is turning family
structure into a new class divide, with the economic and social rewards
of marriage increasingly reserved for people with the most education.
</p>
<p>
“Marriage has become a luxury good,” said Frank Furstenberg, a sociologist at the University of Pennsylvania. </p>
<p>
The shift is affecting children’s lives. Researchers have consistently
found that children born outside marriage face elevated risks of falling
into <a href="http://www.urban.org/publications/410541.html">poverty</a>, failing in school or suffering <a href="http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/15_02_05.pdf">emotional and behavioral problems</a>. </p>
<p>
The forces rearranging the family are as diverse as globalization and
the pill. Liberal analysts argue that shrinking paychecks have thinned
the ranks of marriageable men, while conservatives often say that the
sexual revolution reduced the incentive to wed and that safety net
programs discourage marriage. </p>
<p>
Here in Lorain, a blue-collar town west of Cleveland where the decline
of the married two-parent family has been especially steep, dozens of
interviews with young parents suggest that both sides have a point.
</p>
<p>
Over the past generation, Lorain lost most of two steel mills, a
shipyard and a Ford factory, diminishing the supply of jobs that let
blue-collar workers raise middle-class families. More women went to
work, making marriage less of a financial necessity for them. Living
together became routine, and single motherhood lost the stigma that once
sent couples rushing to the altar. Women here often describe marriage
as a sign of having arrived rather than a way to get there. </p>
<p>
Meanwhile, children happen. </p>
<p>
Amber Strader, 27, was in an on-and-off relationship with a clerk at
Sears a few years ago when she found herself pregnant. A former nursing
student who now tends bar, Ms. Strader said her boyfriend was so
dependent that she had to buy his cigarettes. Marrying him never entered
her mind. “It was like living with another kid,” she said. </p>
<p>
When a second child, with a new boyfriend, followed three years later —
her birth control failed, she said — her boyfriend, a part-time house
painter, was reluctant to wed. </p>
<p>
Ms. Strader likes the idea of marriage; she keeps her parents’ wedding
photo on her kitchen wall and says her boyfriend is a good father. But
for now marriage is beyond her reach. </p>
<p>
“I’d like to do it, but I just don’t see it happening right now,” she
said. “Most of my friends say it’s just a piece of paper, and it doesn’t
work out anyway.” </p>
<p>
The recent rise in single motherhood has set off few alarms, unlike in
past eras. When Daniel Patrick Moynihan, then a top Labor Department
official and later a United States senator from New York, reported in
1965 that a quarter of black children were born outside marriage — and
warned of a “tangle of pathology”— he set off a bitter debate. </p>
<p>
By the mid-1990s, such figures looked quaint: a third of Americans were
born outside marriage. Congress, largely blaming welfare, imposed tough
restrictions. Now the figure is 41 percent — and 53 percent for children
born to women under 30, according to Child Trends, which analyzed 2009
data from the National Center for Health Statistics. </p>
<p>
Still, the issue received little attention until the publication last
month of “Coming Apart,” a book by Charles Murray, a longtime critic of
non-marital births. </p>
<p>
<a title="CDC report (pdf)" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr48/nvs48_16.pdf">Large racial differences remain:</a>
73 percent of black children are born outside marriage, compared with
53 percent of Latinos and 29 percent of whites. And educational
differences are growing. About 92 percent of college-educated women are
married when they give birth, compared with 62 percent of women with
some post-secondary schooling and 43 percent of women with a high school
diploma or less, <a title="Child Trends research brief" href="http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs008/1101701160827/archive/1108965696926.html">according to Child Trends.</a> </p>
<p>
Almost all of the rise in nonmarital births has occurred among couples
living together. While in some countries such relationships endure at
rates that resemble marriages, in the United States they are more than
twice as likely to dissolve than marriages. In a summary of research, <a href="http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/abs/6414">Pamela Smock and Fiona Rose Greenland</a>,
both of the University of Michigan, reported that two-thirds of couples
living together split up by the time their child turned 10. </p>
<p>
In Lorain as elsewhere, explanations for marital decline start with home
economics: men are worth less they used to be. Among men with some
college but no degrees, earnings have fallen 8 percent in the past 30
years, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, while the earnings
of their female counterparts have risen by 8 percent. </p>
<p>
“Women used to rely on men, but we don’t need to anymore,” said Teresa
Fragoso, 25, a single mother in Lorain. “We support ourselves. We
support our kids.” </p>
<p>
Fifty years ago, researchers have found, as many as a third of American
marriages were precipitated by a pregnancy, with couples marrying to
maintain respectability. Ms. Strader’s mother was among them. </p>
<p>
Today, neither of Ms. Strader’s pregnancies left her thinking she should
marry to avoid stigma. Like other women interviewed here, she described
her children as largely unplanned, a byproduct of uncommitted
relationships. </p>
<p>
Some unwed mothers cite the failures of their parents’ marriages as
reasons to wait. Brittany Kidd was 13 when her father ran off with one
of her mother’s friends, plunging her mother into depression and leaving
the family financially unstable. </p>
<p>
“Our family life was pretty perfect: a nice house, two cars, a dog and a
cat,” she said. “That stability just got knocked out like a window; it
shattered.” </p>
<p>
Ms. Kidd, 21, said she could not imagine marrying her son’s father, even
though she loves him. “I don’t want to wind up like my mom,” she said.
</p>
<p>
Others noted that if they married, their official household income would
rise, which could cost them government benefits like food stamps and
child care. W. Bradford Wilcox, a sociologist at the University of
Virginia, said other government policies, like <a href="http://nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/the-evolution-of-divorce">no-fault divorce</a>, signaled that “marriage is not as fundamental to society” as it once was. </p>
<p>
Even as many Americans withdraw from marriage, researchers say, they
expect more from it: emotional fulfillment as opposed merely to
practical support. “Family life is no longer about playing the social
role of father or husband or wife, it’s more about individual
satisfaction and self-development,” said <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Andrew-J.-Cherlin/e/B001H6N5XA">Andrew Cherlin</a>, a sociologist at Johns Hopkins University. </p>
<p>
Money helps explain why well-educated Americans still marry at high
rates: they can offer each other more financial support, and hire others
to do chores that prompt conflict. But some researchers argue that
educated men have also been quicker than their blue-collar peers to give
women equal authority. “They are more willing to play the partner
role,” said Sara McLanahan, a Princeton sociologist. </p>
<p>
Reviewing the academic literature, Susan L. Brown of Bowling Green State
University recently found that children born to married couples, on
average, “experience better education, social, cognitive and behavioral
outcomes.” </p>
<p>
Lisa Mercado, an unmarried mother in Lorain, would not be surprised by
that. Between nursing classes and an all-night job at a gas station, she
rarely sees her 6-year-old daughter, who is left with a rotating cast
of relatives. The girl’s father has other children and rarely lends a
hand. </p>
<p>
“I want to do things with her, but I end up falling asleep,” Ms. Mercado said. </p>
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