<div><span class="gmail_quote">On 4/23/10, <b class="gmail_sendername">Paul Rumelhart</b> <<a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="mailto:godshatter@yahoo.com" target="_blank">godshatter@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:</span> </div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid"><br>The global climate is a chaotic system that is affected by multiple inputs, some cyclical in nature, some more-or-less random. One such cycle is the sunspot cycle, which has lately stalled again and is on it's 8th day in a row of spotless sun days. We know so little about the system in general that it's hard to say what kind of a lag would be apparent or how long of a solar minimum would need to change x numbers of degrees in global mean temperature. </blockquote>
<div> </div>
<div>Another climate science "Groundhog Day" post...</div>
<div> </div>
<div>You are not addressing what is perhaps the primary point of my post. Many of the skeptics of anthropogenic warming (such as Moscow's New Saint Andrews Ed Iverson, who has written in the Moscow/Pullman Daily News that solar forcing can explain recent climate changes, such as Arctic sea ice decline) have for years been claiming the increases in solar irradiance are a significant variable to explain the global temperature increases of recent decades. They are not claiming that we don't know enough to say what impact solar forcing has on climate, rather they are making a claim that it has been changing global climate. Yet solar irradiance has decreased in recent years, during the 2008-09 deep solar minimum, while, as my post indicates, March 2010 set a record for global warmth. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>The "we" you refer to apparently does not include some of the world's most knowledgeable climate scientists, who have analysed the solar forcing impacts of sunspot cycles, and changes in solar irradiance, in the last 30 years, using satellite data, to determine the probable global temperate variations both from an extended solar minimum (the recent solar minimum, if it continued, like the Maunder Minimum of 1645-1715 with its alleged links to the Little Ice Age), and whether there is evidence the past 30 years of global temperature increases are linked significantly to increases in solar irradiance.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Read pages 11-14, the analysis "Temperature and Solar Data," by NASA's climate scientist James Hansen, Director of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, at the following website. Data and theory are presented that contradict your claims of incredible uncertainty about the temperature impacts of the recent extended solar minimum:</div>
<div><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2008/20080804_TripReport.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2008/20080804_TripReport.pdf</a></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Goddard Institute for Space Studies website, offering a wealth of information on climate science ( <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.giss.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">http://www.giss.nasa.gov/</a> ) such as this report regarding the past decade as the warmest on record (since the late 1800s):</div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="4">2009: Second Warmest Year on Record; End of Warmest Decade</font></div>
<div><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20100121/" target="_blank">http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20100121/</a></div>
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<div>Regarding solar forcing of climate in recent decades, the following analysis, referencing satellite data, indicates solar forcing is not the cause of the increased warmth:</div>
<div><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7108/abs/nature05072.html" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7108/abs/nature05072.html</a></div>
<div>
<p><i>Nature</i> <b>443</b>, 161-166 (14 September 2006) | <abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</abbr>:10.1038/nature05072</p>
<h2>Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth's climate</h2>
<p>P. Foukal<sup><a title="affiliated with " onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7108/abs/nature05072.html#a1" target="_blank">1</a></sup>, C. Fröhlich<sup><a title="affiliated with " onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7108/abs/nature05072.html#a2" target="_blank">2</a></sup>, H. Spruit<sup><a title="affiliated with " onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7108/abs/nature05072.html#a3" target="_blank">3</a></sup> and T. M. L. Wigley<sup><a title="affiliated with " onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7108/abs/nature05072.html#a4" target="_blank">4</a></sup></p>
<div>
<h3>Abstract</h3>
<p>Variations in the Sun's total energy output (luminosity) are caused by changing dark (sunspot) and bright structures on the solar disk during the 11-year sunspot cycle. The variations measured from spacecraft since 1978 are too small to have contributed appreciably to accelerated global warming over the past 30 years. In this Review, we show that detailed analysis of these small output variations has greatly advanced our understanding of solar luminosity change, and this new understanding indicates that brightening of the Sun is unlikely to have had a significant influence on global warming since the seventeenth century. Additional climate forcing by changes in the Sun's output of ultraviolet light, and of magnetized plasmas, cannot be ruled out. The suggested mechanisms are, however, too complex to evaluate meaningfully at present.</p>
<p>------------------------</p>
<p>Paul Rumelhart wrote:</p></div></div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">Anyway, all it takes is a 1% or 2% change in albedo, or a small change in cloud cover for the game to change completely, which is something that we can't model realistically. We'll just have to see how this pans out over the next few years.<br>
<br>That's one of the reasons I'm so skeptical that our CO2 footprint is going to cause massive global damage if we don't do something RIGHT NOW. It's almost impossible to isolate that one variable amongst the chaos that it's pointless to be worried about it until it's a bit more obvious that the world is going to hell in a hand basket.</blockquote>
<div> </div>
<div>It is not "almost impossible" to isolate that one variable (atmospheric CO2 level) to make probable scientific predictions of climate impacts, including albedo and clouds. If it were almost impossible, then thousands of climate scientists have been wasting their time. For over a century they have been in detail using data and theory to predict the increases in global average temperatures if atmospheric CO2 levels were to double, what has come to be known as "climate sensitivity." And the physics regarding CO2's influence on trapping solar energy is well understood. The skepticism on this issue is rather incredible. High school science experiments verify that CO2 traps solar energy! And the saturation problem has been explored in detail, regarding how CO2 operates in Earth's atmosphere, as this discussion from the American Institute of Physics indicates: <font size="4">Basic Radiation Calculations: </font><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Radmath.htm" target="_blank">http://www.aip.org/history/climate/Radmath.htm</a></div>
<div>---------------</div>
<div>Below read the following extensive body of research (minus the graphs Levenson constructed, which are worth considering), going back over a century, on climate sensitivity, that is fundamental to discussions of how certain or uncertain are the impacts of human sourced CO2 emissions. Note that none of these studies show a temperature decrease from doubling atmospheric CO2, a result it would seem some studies would show, if the climate system were as chaotic as some of the skeptics of anthropogenic warming claim. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>This huge body of research clearly sides with the claim of enough scientific probability of profound temperature changes from a doubling of atmospheric CO2, that not taking immediate action to lower human CO2 emissions is playing Russian Roulette with the future of our planet. </div>
<div> </div>
<div>It will take decades of concerted effort and technological innovation and deployment, even assuming highly improbable international public and political agreement, for CO2 emissions to be lowered dramatically. Delaying action only increases the probability increasing CO2 levels will trigger climate feedbacks that will be damaging and/or difficult to stop, such as albedo decreases from ice loss, methane hydrate breakdown increasing methane releases, carbon sink reversal from increasing ocean temperatures (which will cause atmospheric CO2 levels to increase faster with lower ocean carbon sink capacity), damaging ocean acidification, increasing desertification or loss of tropical forests, increases in ocean level, flooding coastal areas, and rates of species extinction, the last two impacts NASA's climate scientist James Hansen lists as the two most important reasons to address anthropogenic climate warming:</div>
<div> </div>
<div><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://bartonpaullevenson.com/ClimateSensitivity.html" target="_blank">http://bartonpaullevenson.com/ClimateSensitivity.html</a></div>
<div>
<h1>Estimates of Climate Sensitivity</h1>
<p>(c) 2006 by Barton Paul Levenson<br>The "climate sensitivity" is an estimate of how much some factor in a regional or global climate would change with a specific change in some factor affecting it. That's pretty vague, of course. In practice, the term has recently come to mean the change in Earth's surface temperature that could be expected if the ambient level of carbon dioxide were doubled (usually from the preindustrial level of 280 parts per million by volume to 560 ppmv, but sometimes from 300 to 600). Below are all the estimates I could find in the literature.</p>
<p>Not all estimates are equal. Most of these, though not all, include the effects of climate feedbacks such as water vapor. And these estimates include ones which were later shown to be based on flawed models, erroneous reasoning or outright mistakes. Examples would be Möller's estimate of 1963, which didn't treat a column of atmosphere correctly, or Idso's estimate of 1980, which, as Schneider and others pointed out, is based on reasoning that would violate the conservation of energy. Proceed with caution. Your mileage may vary.<br>
<br>
<table width="100%" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Study</th>
<th>Year</th>
<th>Estimate (° K.)</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arrhenius</td>
<td>1896</td>
<td>5.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hulbert</td>
<td>1931
<td>4.0</td></td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Callendar</td>
<td>1938</td>
<td>2.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Plass</td>
<td>1956</td>
<td>3.8</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Möller</td>
<td>1963</td>
<td>9.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe and Wetherald</td>
<td>1967</td>
<td>2.36</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe</td>
<td>1971</td>
<td>1.9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Rasool and Schneider</td>
<td>1971</td>
<td>0.8</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sellers</td>
<td>1973</td>
<td>0.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sellers</td>
<td>1974</td>
<td>1.32</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Weare and Snell</td>
<td>1974</td>
<td>0.7</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe</td>
<td>1975</td>
<td>2.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe and Wetherald</td>
<td>1975</td>
<td>2.93</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramanathan</td>
<td>1975</td>
<td>1.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Temkin and Snell</td>
<td>1976</td>
<td>1.7</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Augustsson and Ramanathan</td>
<td>1977</td>
<td>1.9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ohring and Adler</td>
<td>1978</td>
<td>0.78</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe and Stouffer</td>
<td>1979</td>
<td>4.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe and Wetherald</td>
<td>1980</td>
<td>3.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Idso</td>
<td>1980</td>
<td>0.26</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramanathan</td>
<td>1981</td>
<td>2.25</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Chou et al.</td>
<td>1982</td>
<td>2.29</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hall and Cacuci</td>
<td>1982</td>
<td>2.42</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Nicoli and Visconti</td>
<td>1982</td>
<td>2.30</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Gilliland and Schneider</td>
<td>1984</td>
<td>1.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hansen et al.</td>
<td>1984</td>
<td>4.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Washington and Meehl</td>
<td>1984</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wetherald and Manabe</td>
<td>1986</td>
<td>4.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wilson and Mitchell</td>
<td>1987</td>
<td>5.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mitchell et al.</td>
<td>1989</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Noda and Tokoika</td>
<td>1989</td>
<td>4.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Schlesinger et al.</td>
<td>1989</td>
<td>4.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Washington and Meehl</td>
<td>1989</td>
<td>4.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wetherald and Manabe</td>
<td>1989</td>
<td>4.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Oglesby and Saltzman</td>
<td>1990</td>
<td>4.0</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>McAvaney et al.</td>
<td>1991</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Boer et al.</td>
<td>1992</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hoffert and Covey</td>
<td>1992</td>
<td>2.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mahfouf et al.</td>
<td>1993</td>
<td>1.4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Manabe and Stouffer</td>
<td>1993</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Lambert</td>
<td>1995</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Thompson and Pollard</td>
<td>1995</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Chen and Ramaswamy</td>
<td>1996</td>
<td>2.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Gordon and O'Farrell</td>
<td>1997</td>
<td>4.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hegerl et al.</td>
<td>1997</td>
<td>3.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>MacKay et al.</td>
<td>1997</td>
<td>2.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Schlesinger et al.</td>
<td>1997</td>
<td>3.378</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Bertrand</td>
<td>1998</td>
<td>2.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Delworth et al.</td>
<td>1999</td>
<td>3.4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Roeckner et al.</td>
<td>1999</td>
<td>2.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wolbarst</td>
<td>1999</td>
<td>1.28</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Boer et al.</td>
<td>2000</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Washington et al.</td>
<td>2000</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Dai et al.</td>
<td>2001</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wetherald et al.</td>
<td>2001</td>
<td>4.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Boer and Yu</td>
<td>2003</td>
<td>3.50</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Shaviv and Veizer</td>
<td>2003</td>
<td>0.75</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Stern</td>
<td>2005</td>
<td>4.4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Sumi</td>
<td>2005</td>
<td>2.8</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Goosse et al.</td>
<td>2006</td>
<td>1.8</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hegerl et al.</td>
<td>2006</td>
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<p>The following table shows the climate sensitivity of various global climate models. Some of these references duplicate some of those above.<br><br>
<table width="100%" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Model</th>
<th>Study</th>
<th>Estimate (° K.)</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>AGCM/MLO</td>
<td>Schlesinger et al. 1997</td>
<td>3.378</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>BMRC AGCM</td>
<td>McAvaney et al. 1991</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CCC GCMII</td>
<td>Lambert 1995</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CCCma MLOM</td>
<td>Boer and Yu 2003</td>
<td>3.50</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CCCma FDOM</td>
<td>Boer and Yu 2003</td>
<td>3.50</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CCM</td>
<td>Washington and Meehl 1984</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CGCM1</td>
<td>Boer et al. 2000</td>
<td>3.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CM2.0</td>
<td>Stouffer et al. 2005</td>
<td>2.9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CM2.1</td>
<td>Stouffer et al. 2005</td>
<td>3.4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CSIRO-Mk2</td>
<td>Gordon and O'Farrell 1997</td>
<td>4.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ECBILT-CLIO-VECODE</td>
<td>Goosse et al. 2006</td>
<td>1.8</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ECHAM3/LSG</td>
<td>Hegerl et al. 1997</td>
<td>3.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ECHAM4/OPYC3</td>
<td>Roeckner et al. 1999</td>
<td>2.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>GENESIS 1.02</td>
<td>Thompson and Pollard 1995</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>GFDL_R30</td>
<td>Delworth et al. 2001</td>
<td>3.4</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>GISS</td>
<td>Hansen et al. 1984</td>
<td>4.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>LMD4CO</td>
<td>Le Treu et al. 1994</td>
<td>3.9</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>LMD4MO</td>
<td>Le Treu et al. 1994</td>
<td>3.6</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>MRI CGCM2.0</td>
<td>Yukimoto and Noda 2002</td>
<td>1.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>MRI CGCM2.2</td>
<td>Yukimoto and Noda 2002</td>
<td>1.8</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>OSU</td>
<td>Schlesinger et al. 1989</td>
<td>4.3</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>PCM</td>
<td>Washington et al. 2000</td>
<td>2.1</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>UKMO</td>
<td>Wilson and Mitchell 1987</td>
<td>5.2</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>UKMO HadCM2</td>
<td>Hulme et al. 1999</td>
<td>2.5</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>UKMO HadCM3</td>
<td>Hulme et al. 1999</td>
<td>3.3</td></tr></tbody></table><br>Citations for studies listing multiple models:</p>
<p>Boer George G. and Yu Bin 2003. "Dynamical aspects of climate sensitivity" Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(3), 35-1 - 35-4.</p>
<p>Hulme Mike, Mitchell John, Ingram William, Lowe Jason, Johns Tim, mark New, Viner David 1999. "Climate Change Scenarios for Global Impact Studies." Submitted to Global Environmental Change.</p>
<p>Le Treu H., Li Z. X., Forichon M. 1994. "Sensitivity of the LMD General Circulation Model to Greenhouse Forcing Associated with Two Different Cloud Water Parameterizations." J. Climate 7, 1827-1841.</p>
<p>R. J. Stouffer, A. J. Broccoli, T. L. Delworth, K. W. Dixon, R. Gudgel, I. Held, R. Hemler, T. Knutson, Hyun-Chul Lee, M. D. Schwarzkopf, B. Soden, M. J. Spelman, M. Winton, Fanrong Zeng 2005. "GFDL's CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part IV: Idealized Climate Response." J Clim. Special Section 19, 723-740</p>
<p>Yukimoto Seiji, Noda Akira 2002. "Improvements of the Meteorological Research Institute Global Ocean-atmosphere Coupled GCM (MRI-CGCM2) and its Climate Sensitivity." CGer's Supercomputer Activity Report 10, 37-44. NIES.</p>
<p>Some acronyms:</p>
<table width="100%" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Abbreviation</th>
<th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>AGCM</td>
<td>Atmospheric General Circulation Model</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CCC</td>
<td>Canadian Climate Centre</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CCM</td>
<td>Community Climate Model</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CGCM</td>
<td>Coupled Global Climate Model</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CM</td>
<td>Climate Model</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CO</td>
<td>Control version (for LMD GCM)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>CSIRO</td>
<td>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>ECHAM</td>
<td>European Center HAMburg global climate model</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>GFDL</td>
<td>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (Princeton NJ, associated with NOAA (qv))</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>GISS</td>
<td>Goddard Institute for Space Studies</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>LMD</td>
<td>Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>MLO</td>
<td>Mixed Layer Ocean</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>MO</td>
<td>Modified version (for LMD GCM)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>NCAR</td>
<td>National Center for Atmospheric Research (Boulder CO)</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>NOAA</td>
<td>National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>OSU</td>
<td>Oregon State University</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>PCM</td>
<td>Parallel Climate Model</td></tr></tbody></table><br> </div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid">Ted Moffett wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="PADDING-LEFT: 1ex; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid"><span>It requires going back to 1913 to find a lower solar minimum during the past century than the minimum of 2008-09. As global average temperatures in March 2010 (very low sunspot activity continues in 2010, though new solar cycle 24 is under way: <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank">http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/</a> , <a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml" target="_blank">http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml</a> ) set a new March monthly record for intensity, the climate science speculators/skeptics of anthropogenic warming, who have been pushing the solar forcing theory for contemporary increases in global temperatures, might consider recanting their position (no misleading and/or "cooked" data graphs regarding contemporary temperature and solar activity presented here):<br>
<br><br> NOAA: Global Temps Push Last Month to Hottest March on Record<br><br><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100415_marchstats.html" target="_blank">http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100415_marchstats.html</a><br>
-------------------<br><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://www.appinsys.com/NASASolar.htm" target="_blank">http://www.appinsys.com/NASASolar.htm</a> --------------------------<br>A theory regarding the cause of the unusually deep solar minimum of 2008-09 is presented below, from "Science" journal March 12, 2010:<br>
<br><br> NASA - Solar 'Current of Fire' Speeds Up<br><br><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/12mar_conveyorbelt/" target="_blank">http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/12mar_conveyorbelt/</a><br>
<br>-------------------<br><br><a onclick="return top.js.OpenExtLink(window,event,this)" href="http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5971/1350" target="_blank">http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5971/1350</a><br>
<br>/Science/ 12 March 2010:<br>Vol. 327. no. 5971, pp. 1350 - 1352<br>DOI: 10.1126/science.1181990<br><br> <br> <br><br> Variations in the Sun’s Meridional Flow over a Solar Cycle<br><br></span>*David H. Hathaway^1 ^,* and Lisa Rightmire^2 *<span><br>
<br>The Sun’s meridional flow is an axisymmetric flow that^ is generally directed from its equator toward its poles at the^ surface. The structure and strength of the meridional flow determine^ both the strength of the Sun’s polar magnetic field and^ the intensity of sunspot cycles. We determine the meridional^ flow speed of magnetic features on the Sun using data from the^ Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. The average flow is poleward^ at all latitudes up to 75°, which suggests that it extends^ to the poles. It was faster at sunspot cycle minimum than at^ maximum and substantially faster on the approach to the current^ minimum than it was at the last solar minimum. This result may^ help to explain why this solar activity minimum is so peculiar.^<br>
<br>------------------------------------------<br><br>Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett<br><br> <br></span></blockquote></blockquote>