<div><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us</a></div>
<div> </div>
<div>This is the html version of the file <a style="COLOR: #00c; TEXT-DECORATION: underline" href="http://www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf">http://www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf</a>.</div>
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<div>A list of the exceptions to the warrant requirement in Arizona v. Gant is at the bottom of the document below. This is one of the clearest explanations of these exceptions that I have read. I don't think Arizona v. Gant overturned the legality of the warrantless vehicle search involved in Illinois v. Cabbales, given the exceptions described below. Illinois v. Cabbales involved a vehicle search conducted based on probable cause after drug dogs alerted during a traffic stop for speeding. There was no arrest for drug violation(s) till after the search was completed, and the US Supreme Court ruled the use of drug dogs was not a violation of the Fourth Amendment that would mandate a warrant. Once probable cause was established based on the drug dogs response, the subsequent warrantless search was legal, a situtation similar I think to the first exception to Gant described below. The issue of law enforcement facing a locked vehicle impeding a probable cause search as described in exception 1. below is not addressed in this document:</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 356px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 389px">RISK MANAGEMENT INFORMATION</div></div><font face="Times" size="4"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 21px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 134px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 414px"><b>NEW U.S. SUPREME COURT DECISION IN <i>ARIZONA V. <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">GANT</b></i></b></div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 460px"><i>*This information was originally developed in conjunction with the League of Minnesota Cities</i></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 481px"><i>Insurance Trust’s PATROL program (Police Accredited TRaining OnLine). For information on </i></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 501px"><i>PATROL, contact Laura Honeck at <a href="mailto:patrol@lmc.org">patrol@lmc.org</a> or 651-281-1280. For questions about the</i></div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 522px"><i>material in this memo, contact Ann Gergen at <a href="mailto:agergen@lmc.org">agergen@lmc.org</a> or 651-281-1291. </i></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 560px"><b>The following is supplemental information to PATROL course “Searches Incident to Arrest” </b></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 581px"><b>released during February 2009.</b></div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 631px"><b>Introduction</b></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 659px">On April 21, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decision in <i>Arizona v. <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b>,</i></div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 754px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 655px"><i><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#1">1</a></i></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 773px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 659px">providing</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 678px">important direction on searches of automobiles incident to arrest. Prior decisions of the Supreme Court had </div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 697px">consistently held that officers may <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> the entire passenger compartment of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> incident to the</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 716px">custodial arrest of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> occupant (<i>New York v. Belton</i></div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 519px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 712px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#1">2</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 525px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 716px">) or following the custodial arrest of someone</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 735px">who had recently occupied the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> (<i>Thornton v. United States</i></div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 555px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 731px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#1">3</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1111px">As grounds for suppression, <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> argued there are two rationales supporting searches incident to arrest.</div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1130px">One is to prevent the arrestee from gaining access to a weapon. The other is to prevent the arrestee from</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 561px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 735px">). </div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 763px">While not explicitly overruling <i>Belton </i>or <i>Thornton</i>, the Court’s decision in <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>changes what had been</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 782px">considered a bright line test about passenger-area <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> searches incident to arrest.</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 810px">Under <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b></i>, officers may not <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> incident to a recent occupant’s arrest after the arrestee has</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 829px">been secured and does not have access to the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, unless it is reasonable to believe evidence relevant to </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 848px">the crime for which the arrest was made might be found in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>. </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 876px"><b>Case Background</b></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 903px">Officers knew Rodney <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> had a suspended driver’s license and an outstanding <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff9999">warrant</b> for driving with a</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 922px">suspended license. Officers were investigating possible drug activity at a house where <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> had been</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 941px">earlier in the day. While officers were still at the scene, <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> drove to the residence and parked his car.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 960px">One of the officers who knew about the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff9999">warrant</b> recognized <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b>. <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> parked his car, got out, and shut the</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 979px">door. The officer who recognized <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> immediately arrested him and placed him in handcuffs. A short</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 998px">time later, the officers <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">locked</b> <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> in the back seat of a patrol car. </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1026px">After <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> had been handcuffed and secured in the police <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, two officers searched his car. One</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1045px">officer found a gun. Another officer found a bag of cocaine in the pocket of a jacket. The State of Arizona</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1064px">charged <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> with two drug-related offenses. <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> moved to suppress the evidence as fruit of an illegal</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1083px"><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>. </div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1176px">1</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1180px">---U.S.---, No. 07-542, 2009 WL 1045962 (April 21, 2009).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1193px">2</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1197px">453 U.S. 454 (1981).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1211px">3</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1214px">541 U.S. 615 (2004).</div></div></span></font>
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<div style="LEFT: 0px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1363px">
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<td align="right" bgcolor="#eeeeee"><font face="arial,sans-serif"><a name="2"><b>Page 2</b></a></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 460px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2493px">2</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1448px">obtaining access to destructible evidence. <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> argued at the time of the officers’ <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> there was no </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1467px">possibility he could obtain access to a weapon from his own car because he was <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">locked</b> in the back of a</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1486px">police <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>. <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> also argued officers could not reasonably expect to find evidence of his crime in the</div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1504px">car because he was only arrested for driving without a license. </div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1533px"><b>Decisions and reasoning</b></div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1560px">In its 1969 decision in <i>Chimel v. California,</i></div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 416px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1557px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">4</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 426px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1560px">the U.S. Supreme Court considered searches incident to arrest</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1579px">in general. The Court held that officers may <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> only that area within an arrestee’s immediate control,</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1598px">meaning “the area from within which [the arrestee] might gain possession of a weapon or destructible</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1617px">evidence.”</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 193px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1614px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">5</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1815px">Under <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b></i>, searches of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> for weapons or destructible evidence after the arrestee has been secured </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1834px">are unlawful. Searches of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> based on a reasonable belief that there “might be” evidence of the crime</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1853px">for which an arrestee has been arrested, even if the arrestee is already secured, are allowed.</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 206px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1617px">The Court’s rationale in allowing such searches was to protect officers and preserve evidence.</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1645px">Additional clarification was provided in <i>Belton </i>to define the area of immediate control as including the</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1664px">entire passenger compartment of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>. In <i>Thorton</i>, the Court further clarified that <i>Belton </i>searches were</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1683px">permissible where the arrestee had recently occupied the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> prior to the arrest and the arrest took place </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1702px">in proximity to the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>. </div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1730px">In <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b></i>, because the arrestee was already handcuffed and secured in the back of a police <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, there was</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1749px">no realistic possibility he could gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence. Given this, the Court</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1768px">found there was no justification for a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>. The <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> was declared unlawful and the evidence was</div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1787px">suppressed.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 724px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1850px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">6</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1881px">The <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>court recognized there could be circumstances where an officer might need to <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1900px">before the arrestee is secured. The Court cautioned, however, that this would be a rare case because</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1919px">officers have the ability to routinely secure arrestees before worrying about what might be inside the</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1938px"><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 175px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1935px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">7</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 185px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1938px">In other words, the Court was sending a signal that it will look with great skepticism on attempts</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1957px">by officers to subvert the <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>ruling by leaving the arrestee unsecured in order to justify a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> of a </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1976px"><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 175px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1973px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">8</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2023px">The <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>Court was clear that officers may <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> incident to arrest if they have reason to believe </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2042px">“evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>.”</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 191px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1976px">In all likelihood, these searches will pass constitutional muster only if the officer can articulate</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 1995px">reasons beyond his or her control as to why the arrestee was left unsecured. </div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 607px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2038px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">9</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 622px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2042px">The Court observed that when a</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2061px">“recent occupant is arrested for a traffic violation, there will be no reasonable basis to believe the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> </div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2080px">contains relevant evidence.”</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 310px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2076px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">10</a></div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 330px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2080px">On the other hand, where drug arrests are involved, “the offense will supply</div></div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2099px">a basis for searching the passenger compartment of an arrestee’s <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> and any containers therein.”</div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 798px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2095px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#2">11</a></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2184px"><b>Analysis</b></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 819px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2099px">To </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2118px">be clear, this sort of <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> would be for purposes of evidence gathering and officers would not need to</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2137px">articulate concerns for officer safety, nor show the evidence was destructible or in actual danger of being</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2156px">destroyed. </div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2226px">4</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2230px">395 U.S. 752 (1969).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2244px">5</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2247px">396 U.S., at 763.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2261px">6</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2264px">The Court used the phrase “might be” to describe the quantum of suspicion necessary to support a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>. <i>Id. </i>at 7.</div>
</div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2278px">7</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2281px">2009 WL 1045962 at * 7, n. 4.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2295px">8</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2299px"><i>Id., </i>at *12 (“When an arrest is made in connection with a roadside stop, police virtually always have a less intrusive</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2316px">and more effective means of ensuring their safety-and a means that is virtually always employed: ordering the arrestee </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2333px">away from the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, patting him down in the open, handcuffing him, and placing him in the squad car.”) (Scalia, J,</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2350px">concurring in judgment).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2364px">9</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 131px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2368px"><i>Id., </i>at *7 (quoting <i>Thornton, </i>541 U.S. at 632 (Scalia, J., concurring in judgment)). </div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2381px">10</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2385px"><i>Id., </i>at *7</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2399px">11</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2402px"><i>Id.</i></div></div></span></font>
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<div style="LEFT: 460px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3681px">3</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2636px">Contrary to commonly understood pre-<i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>interpretation, officers may not <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> the passenger</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2655px">compartment of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> based on the mere fact of custodial arrest. Rather, officers must meet the <i>Chimel </i></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2674px">standard for vehicles as they must in other contexts, such as homes. To justify the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> solely on</div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2692px">the basis of arrest, officers must be able to articulate that the arrestee had an actual opportunity to obtain a</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2712px">weapon or destroy evidence. This would most likely occur only if the arrestee were unsecured and close to</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2730px">the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, for reasons outside the control of the officer.</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2758px">However, when an officer arrests an occupant or recent occupant of a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> and has reason to believe</div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2777px">there might be evidence related to the offense of arrest, then the officer may <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> the entire passenger</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2796px">compartment of the car. </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 126px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2824px">“Reason to believe” is a lower standard than probable cause.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 534px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2821px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#3">12</a></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 555px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2824px">The <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>Court did not provide definitive</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2843px">guidance on how to apply the “reason to believe” standard in the context of <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> searches. As one Justice</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2862px">pointed out in dissent, this “is virtually certain to confuse law enforcement officers and judges for some </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2881px">time to come.”</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 220px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2878px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#3">13</a></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2991px">„« Crimes involving the use of weapons.</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2909px">The Court did give some guidance into examples of crimes that could justify a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> of the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> even</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2928px">after an arrestee has been secured, including specifically the prior cases of <i>Belton </i>and <i>Thornton</i>, both of</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2947px">which involved arrests for drug offenses. While the law has yet to develop, the following kinds of crimes</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 2966px">would seem to provide reason to believe the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> might contain evidence of the offense related to arrest:</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3019px">„« Simple robbery, armed robbery, and burglary, if it is reasonable to believe that tools and weapons </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3041px">used in the commission of the crime, or proceeds of the crime, might be present in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>.</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3066px">„« Crimes involving possession of drugs or other contraband, where it is reasonable to believe</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3088px">evidence of possession might be in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>.</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3112px">„« Where a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> of the person incident to arrest, provides basis for an additional charge that would </div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3135px">itself justify a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> of the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>. For example, if the officer arrests a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> occupant on a</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3154px">traffic <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff9999">warrant</b> and the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> of her person incident to arrest yields controlled substances, this</div>
</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3173px">might provide reasonable belief that additional controlled substances are in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, enough to</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3192px">justify a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>.</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 281px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3189px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#3">14</a></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3220px">The <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>Court did not address what to do when persons who were not arrested remain in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> </div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3239px">following custodial arrest of another individual who had been in the car. These are people who could</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3258px">certainly gain access to weapons or destructible evidence. <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>does not say, one way or another, whether</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3277px">the presence of others in or near the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> will justify a <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3305px">There is an argument to be made that these circumstances fall outside the <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>ruling, especially where the</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3324px">officer has reason to believe he or she is in danger, or when the other individuals are associated in some</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3343px">way with the arrestee and might destroy evidence. While this is a logical and persuasive argument, there is</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3362px">no legal authority at present to back it up. </div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3390px"><b>Practice Pointers</b></div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3418px">The <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>decision left intact other exceptions to the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff9999">warrant</b> requirement important to note:</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3446px">1. <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>only restricts the authority to <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> incident to arrest. If you have probable cause to <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> a</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3465px">motor <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>, then you may <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> “every part of the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> and its contents that may conceal the</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3535px">12</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3538px"><i>Id. </i>at 20 (Breyer, J., dissenting).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3552px">13</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3556px"><i>Id., </i>at 14 (Breyer, J., dissenting).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3569px">14</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3573px"><i>See Thornton, </i>541 U.S. at 617 (officer initiated contact for traffic violation, but arrested suspect for drug crime after</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3590px">pat-down <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>).</div></div></span></font>
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<div style="LEFT: 460px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4869px">4</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3824px">object of the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b>.”</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 324px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3820px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#4">15</a></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3871px">2. If you can articulate reasons to believe the suspect or someone else in the car may pose a danger to</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3890px">you <i>and </i>may gain access to weapons, you have the option of searching the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> <i>prior </i>to arresting</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3909px">anyone.</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 354px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3824px"><i>Belton </i>searches were limited to the passenger compartment. Probable</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3843px">cause searches are not so limited. </div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 229px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3905px"><a href="http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:OlSI5Z4P9QwJ:www.lmc.org/media/document/1/newussupremedecisionarizonavgant.pdf+gant+locked+vehicle+warrant+search&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us#4">16</a></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3936px">3. When making a custodial arrest of an occupant, conduct a thorough <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ff66ff">search</b> of the person <i>at the</i></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3955px"><i>scene </i>to determine if there is a more serious crime at issue, for which you have reason to believe</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 3974px">evidence may be present in the <b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b>.</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 149px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4002px">4. Depending on the circumstances, you may have justification for impounding and inventorying the</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4021px"><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">vehicle</b> and contents. See the PATROL memo titled <i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #99ff99">Vehicle</b> Inventory Searches </i>(June 2007) and</div>
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<div style="LEFT: 176px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4040px">the PATROL special update on <i>State v. Gauster </i>(July 2008).</div></div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4068px"><i><b style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">Gant</b> </i>issues will likely be hotly litigated in the future. Be watchful for further developments. </div>
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4117px">Ann Gergen 4/24/09</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4720px">15</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4723px"><i>U.S. v. Ross, </i>456 U.S. 798, 825 (1982) (applying <i>Carroll v. United States, </i>267 U.S. 132 (1925)).</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4738px">16</div></div></span></font><font face="Times" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; FONT-FAMILY: Times">
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<div style="LEFT: 136px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 4740px"><i>Michigan v. Long, </i>463 U.S. 1032, 1049 (1983); <i>see also State v. Flowers, </i>734 N.W.2d 239 (Minn. 2007)</div>Excerpt from document below:</div>
<div>The Gant decision left intact other exceptions to the warrant requirement important to note:</div>
<div>1. Gant only restricts the authority to search incident to arrest. If you have probable cause to search a motor vehicle, then you may search "every part of the vehicle and its contents that may conceal the object of the search."</div>
<div> </div>
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