<div>After posting this famous poem (NORMAN ROSTEN, "In Guernica" from The Fourth Decade and Other<sup> </sup>Poems, 1943) to Vision2020, I wondered what a Google search would bring by just entering this final and devastating line from this poem. I found the following article as the first result, a 1996 study of the mental health of children between the ages of 6<sup> </sup>and 12 living in homeless shelters in Los Angeles County, a description of which was published in the medical journal BMJ. The researcher, Barbara J. Genovese, quotes this line from Rosten's "Guernica" to begin the article available online from BMJ about this study. The article was offered for free, with a registration/log-in required, so I will offer the whole article below. This is a very human eye witness heart wrenching description of what these children face/faced:</div>
<div> </div>
<div><font size="2"><em>BMJ</em> 1996;313:1585-1587 (21 December) <br></font>
<h2>UNEQUAL IN DEATH </h2>
<h3>And God will fill the bullet holes with candy </h3><strong>Barbara J Genovese</strong>, <i>research assistant</i> <sup>a</sup>
<p><font size="-1"><sup>a</sup> Health Sciences Program, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138, USA</font>
<p>Do not weep for them, madre. They are gone forever, the little<sup> </sup>ones, straight to heaven to the saints, and God will fill the<sup> </sup>bullet-holes with candy.<sup> </sup>
<p>NORMAN ROSTEN, In Guernica from The Fourth Decade and Other<sup> </sup>Poems, 1943<sup> </sup>
<p>I wish I could be very far from here-pretty much. I am secretly<sup> </sup>afraid of a lot of things--very much. I feel alone even when<sup> </sup>there are people around me--pretty much. I worry most of the<sup> </sup>time--very much. I worry about what my parents will say to me--very<sup> </sup>much. Often I have trouble getting my breath--very much. I have<sup> </sup>trouble swallowing--very much. My feelings are easily hurt--very<sup> </sup>much. It is hard for me to go to sleep at night--very much.<sup> </sup>I feel someone will tell me I do things the wrong way--very<sup> </sup>much. I often feel sick in my stomach--very much. I worry when<sup> </sup>I go to bed at night--very much. I often worry about what could<sup> </sup>happen to my parents--very much. I get tired easily--very much.<sup> </sup>I am nervous--very much.<sup> </sup>
<p>These answers were given by a 9 year old as he responded to<sup> </sup>questions on a psychological battery of tests that measured<sup> </sup>the mental health of children. Another section had to do with<sup> </sup>emotional support: "Who do you talk to when you're upset?" An<sup> </sup>innocuous enough question, as was his answer: "My brother."<sup> </sup>Then I asked, "How old is your brother?" "4."<sup> </sup>
<p>In 1991 I moonlighted as a research assistant on a study to<sup> </sup>look at the mental health of children between the ages of 6<sup> </sup>and 12 living in homeless shelters in Los Angeles County. The<sup> </sup>objectives of our study were threefold: to describe the mental<sup> </sup>health and academic problems among sheltered homeless children--depression,<sup> </sup>behaviour problems, severe academic delays, witness to violence;<sup> </sup>to identify which homeless children have more problems; and<sup> </sup>to relate the use of health services and mental health interventions<sup> </sup>to children's needs.<sup> </sup>
<p>In our sample of 169 children, the following emerged in the<sup> </sup>battery of child mental health problems: depressive symptoms--37%;<sup> </sup>total behaviour problems--28%; receptive vocabulary delay--47%;<sup> </sup>reading delay--39%; and witness to violence--42%.<sup> </sup>
<p>Fifty six per cent of the children were between the ages of<sup> </sup>6 and 9; 44% were between 10 and 12. They were evenly divided<sup> </sup>between male and female. The ethnic breakdown was 44% black,<sup> </sup>35% Hispanic, and 21% white. The mean age for the onset of homelessness<sup> </sup>was 7.6 years; 28% had been homeless for more than one year;<sup> </sup>36% had been homeless for more than two months in the past year;<sup> </sup>and 48% had had two residences in the past year.<sup> </sup>
<p>Of the parents we interviewed 61% had an income of less than<sup> </sup>$10 000 £15 000) and their mean age was 34.<sup> </sup>
<p>Where home is the car<sup> </sup>
<p>On my first day I sit in a church shelter in Venice, California,<sup> </sup>where I watch a child left in a corner of the sanctuary, wrapped<sup> </sup>in his shelter swaddling clothes. The woman who drops him there<sup> </sup>puts a bottle at the sleeping child's feet and shuffles off.<sup> </sup>When the apartments on the periphery of this shelter fill the<sup> </sup>overflow sleeps in the church. On the second day I interview<sup> </sup>a mother with six children, all of whom at one time or another<sup> </sup>interrupt for the car keys she keeps on a shoelace around her<sup> </sup>neck because her family lives in their car.<sup> </sup>
<p>In a shelter in a Los Angeles barrio, there is a boy of about<sup> </sup>7 whom the psychiatrist concludes is a victim of fetal alcohol<sup> </sup>syndrome. As his mother attempts to tutor him with his homework,<sup> </sup>I watch as he cringes under her touch. The mother divides her<sup> </sup>attention between him and his 6 month old brother. She insists<sup> </sup>that her son has potential: "I know he can do it," she says,<sup> </sup>her voice raised in a kind of protest. Against what? Her present<sup> </sup>circumstances? The past? An uncertain future? It becomes obvious<sup> </sup>to me that the boy is going to be hit, has been hit, that the<sup> </sup>mother is preoccupied with the younger child who is thin and<sup> </sup>not breathing properly. I ask if I can help the boy with his<sup> </sup>homework. The mother acquiesces, then informs me that she is<sup> </sup>scheduled to see a doctor for her drug problem. But her words<sup> </sup>turn into a discontinuous babble of rage, as the boy comes over<sup> </sup>to his brother and winds up the musical toy in his hand.<sup> </sup>
<p>I sit with the boy for an hour. His attention span is limited,<sup> </sup>his comprehension of simple maths abysmal. When I place my hand<sup> </sup>in comfort on his tiny shoulders, he is still and unyielding,<sup> </sup>his body armoured, at his tender age, against the belligerence<sup> </sup>and bullets of life. This image is strong, as the talk that<sup> </sup>day in this shelter is about the driveby shooting of a boy that<sup> </sup>some of the children witnessed the night before.<sup> </sup>
<p>"Ugly. Sorry!!"<sup> </sup>
<p>In another shelter on the eastern outskirts of the county a<sup> </sup>9 year old girl becomes increasingly agitated as her mother<sup> </sup>talks about her in the interview. The girl notices the writing<sup> </sup>on my left hand. I write there to remind myself of things I<sup> </sup>have to do. The girl's actions are swift and impulsive as she<sup> </sup>begins writing on her arm. Hard. Deep. To break her obsessive,<sup> </sup>hurtful scripting, I scramble for paper and ask if she can write<sup> </sup>with her left hand, the hand she does not usually write with.<sup> </sup>She ravages the paper like a hungry child a loaf of bread, then<sup> </sup>runs out of the shelter, "away from home," as the has done countless<sup> </sup>times before.<sup> </sup>
<p>After her return, she attacks her younger sister. She has done<sup> </sup>this before, even when the mother holds the child in her arms.<sup> </sup>I do not find her crumpled words on the floor until I am ready<sup> </sup>to leave: "I am stubid, I am ugly, I am crazy, I am trash, I<sup> </sup>am not special, I am not." Self deprecation colours another<sup> </sup>of the drawings one of the girls did for us. It is a picture<sup> </sup>of herself, captioned, "Ugly. Sorry!!"<sup> </sup>
<p>Often I find that I do not want to think about what I am witness<sup> </sup>to, but I am pursued in a way I do not anticipate in that I<sup> </sup>take the homeless home with me: they invade my dreams and ask<sup> </sup>if they can sleep in my study. They speak in Spanish, capturing<sup> </sup>me in a language I do not comprehend. Images, sounds, smells,<sup> </sup>dreams of children who have no voice, who believe they have<sup> </sup>no rights, whose innocence is wounded daily, where overcrowding,<sup> </sup>for example, contributes to abuse on all levels because families<sup> </sup>cannot protect their children.<sup> </sup>
<p>Happy with her feet in the air<sup> </sup>
<p>There is a girl at the Salvation Army shelter who can tell her<sup> </sup>biggest secret to no one, who can talk to no one when she is<sup> </sup>really upset. She feels alone even when there are people around<sup> </sup>her. She was last in school five months ago. She does not get<sup> </sup>to wear what she wants and thinks her clothes are disgusting.<sup> </sup>She has to sleep under the heater so she always feels hot. She<sup> </sup>is in the shelter with her mother and sister and tells me she<sup> </sup>"takes care of them," yet when asked about how her family gets<sup> </sup>along says, "My mom and my sister are together but I'm always<sup> </sup>to the side." She likes to do her homework: "It makes me happy<sup> </sup>because it makes me feel like a teenager." This is because she<sup> </sup>gets to lie on her stomach [on the bed] and put her feet up<sup> </sup>in the air.<sup> </sup>
<p>After she correctly identifies a picture of a marriage ceremony<sup> </sup>as an example of the word "ritual," she begins to improvise<sup> </sup>abstractly: "I don't much like funerals. I had to go to a funeral<sup> </sup>once. It was the funeral of my friend. And I didn't really want<sup> </sup>to go. She had one of those things around her neck [a brace],<sup> </sup>and she was in a wheelchair. And she couldn't walk. Her father,<sup> </sup>he drinks sometimes, he's a drunk, but he wasn't drinking this<sup> </sup>time. And one night he comes home, and he wasn't drunk, but<sup> </sup>somehow he accidentally knocked my friend out of her wheelchair<sup> </sup>and she fell over and died." There is a momentary silence before<sup> </sup>she continues: "My father cries sometimes. And sometimes he<sup> </sup>fools me and only pretends to cry. And it makes me so angry<sup> </sup>when he does that because I can't tell when he's fooling."<sup> </sup>
<p>I discover later that she was sexually abused at the age of<sup> </sup>18 months by her mother's boyfriend, that she has seen a man<sup> </sup>shot. But for now, what I see is a young girl facing womanhood,<sup> </sup>who, like any teenager, likes to do her homework on the bed,<sup> </sup>her feet up in the air.<sup> </sup>
<p>In a Watts shelter I interview two brothers. The younger speaks<sup> </sup>of his brother in adoring, stuttering words. He describes his<sup> </sup>coat to me (it is dirty and ugly), as "lovely." When his brother<sup> </sup>comes in his eyes are red. After I read the consent form to<sup> </sup>him his words come out in a flood. He talks about a fall he<sup> </sup>has had in the bathroom and is quick to say that his mother<sup> </sup>does not hit him, except when he is bad. His talk becomes animated<sup> </sup>and fevered. He asks me if he would be taken away if he told.<sup> </sup>He is direct, frightened. When his mother comes into the room<sup> </sup>he stiffens, as do I. She is loud and abrasive, she does not<sup> </sup>have the time for the interview, she wants to do it tomorrow.<sup> </sup>The boy is restless, cannot focus or concentrate, and seems<sup> </sup>short of patience. He complains that his back hurts during the<sup> </sup>interview, and pulls up his shirt to show me--the bruise is<sup> </sup>halfway up his back. I report this to the psychiatrist, who,<sup> </sup>after questioning me, decides to file a suspected child abuse<sup> </sup>report with the county's social services.<sup> </sup>
<p>Differences between surviving and flourishing widen<sup> </sup>
<p>The litany of stories and the barrage of images begin to coalesce;<sup> </sup>the differences between surviving and flourishing widen. I see<sup> </sup>a woman haphazardly toss her child on to a sofa. The child's<sup> </sup>asthmatic cries are unrelenting, and his mother takes many minutes<sup> </sup>to return to him. She has had other children taken from her<sup> </sup>and placed in foster homes. She does not know where they are.<sup> </sup>
<p>At some juncture the homeless stop asking to sleep in my house<sup> </sup>and the dreams in Spanish subside. I am left with the voices<sup> </sup>of children who will have no voice unless it erupts in violence<sup> </sup>or into the underbelly of our society. When you see the homeless,<sup> </sup>when you read about shelters, there is a stratum you do not<sup> </sup>see: invisible crisis children staring at you from the other<sup> </sup>side of statistics.<sup> </sup>
<p>And I keep seeing the animation and fear on the faces of those<sup> </sup>children in east Los Angeles. These children of tender age,<sup> </sup>vulnerable spirit, wait for an advent of healing that will allow<sup> </sup>them to seal the bullet holes. Their stories are ones of violated<sup> </sup>innocence. And violated innocence is a crime against the spirit,<sup> </sup>a crime against our common humanity. As Emily Dickinson wrote:<sup> </sup>The Things that never can come back, are several--Childhood--some<sup> </sup>forms of Hope--the Dead.<sup> </sup></p>
<p><sup>-----------------------------------</sup></p>
<p><sup>Vision2020 Post: Ted Moffett</sup></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></p></div>
<div> </div>
<div> </div>