<div>Andreas, Wayne, et. al.</div>
<div> </div>
<div>All the negative impacts of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the fetus need to be considered, not just FAS. At least one study presented below found that combining FAS, ARBD (alcohol related birth defects) and ARND (alcohol related neuro-developmental disorder) resulted in impacts in 1 percent of all births.
</div>
<div> </div>
<div>The paragraph below is an excerpt from the article titled as below authored as indicated and from the web link provided:</div>
<div> </div>
<div>
<h2 align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4">Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Prevention Research</font></h2>
<h3 align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="black" size="3">Janet R. Hankin, Ph.D.</font></h3>
<p align="left"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="black" size="2"><i>Janet R. Hankin, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Sociology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.</i></font></p>
<p align="left"><a href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-1/58-65.htm">http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh26-1/58-65.htm</a></p></div>
<div> </div>
<div>Estimates of the prevalence of FAS in the U.S. population range from 0.5 to 2 cases per 1,000 live births (May and Gossage 2001; CDC 2002b). Rates of FAS surpass this prevalence in high-risk populations. For example, reported rates of FAS are
9.8/1000 live births among Southwestern Plains Indians living on reservations (May and Gossage 2001). The rate for alcohol-related effects (ARBD and ARND) may be as high as 5 cases per 1,000 live births (Stratton et al. 1996). May and Gossage (2001) estimate that the prevalence for FAS, ARBD, and ARND combined is 1 percent of all births. The range in prevalence results from differences in the populations at risk being studied and in the methods used to identify affected people. Analyses based on medical records often underestimate the rates of FAS and alcohol related effects compared with more aggressive case-finding approaches that include examinations of people living in the community (May and Gossage 2001; Stratton et al. 1996).
</div>
<div>--------------------------</div>
<div> </div>
<div>Ted Moffett</div>