[Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
Joe Campbell
philosopher.joe at gmail.com
Mon Aug 27 19:08:46 PDT 2012
A false dilemma is (technically) a dilemma, meaning an "or" sentence,
that is false. Thus, if two options are given and there are more
options available -- and you offer this as an argument -- then you've
committed the fallacy of false dilemma. Of course, claims could be
bundled together, so this easily expands to other cases. For instance,
7 options are given but at least 8 are available.
I'm interested in knowing what Donovan thinks are the available
alternative left open, after the options that Scott notes are settled.
On Mon, Aug 27, 2012 at 1:55 PM, Donovan Arnold
<donovanjarnold2005 at yahoo.com> wrote:
> Sue,
>
> Flo Kennedy was no doubt a wise woman.
>
> I don't think it is the answers to the question that is the problem with
> Scott Dredge's argument as the false premises used in the question that make
> it a false dilemma. I would defer to Prof. Campbell on a better explanation
> for false dilemma.
>
> Donovan J. Arnold
>
> From: Sue Hovey <suehovey at moscow.com>
> To: Donovan Arnold <donovanjarnold2005 at yahoo.com>; Scott Dredge
> <scooterd408 at hotmail.com>; debismith at moscow.com; ngier006 at gmail.com;
> lfalen at turbonet.com
> Cc: viz <vision2020 at moscow.com>
> Sent: Saturday, August 25, 2012 2:56 PM
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
> Yes, Donovan. It was Flo Kennedy who stated, “If men could get pregnant,
> abortion would be a sacrament.”
>
> If the absence of all options in all situations makes an item a false
> dilemma, then help me understand how any significant multifaceted dilemma
> would not be false. Just an example.
>
> Sue H
>
> From: Donovan Arnold
> Sent: Saturday, August 25, 2012 3:49 AM
> To: Scott Dredge ; debismith at moscow.com ; ngier006 at gmail.com ;
> lfalen at turbonet.com
> Cc: viz
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
> Scott,
>
> It is still a false dilemma unless it includes all options in all
> situations.
>
> To me, abortion is really about a person being able to do with their body
> what they want free from outside interference, not just the government, but
> husbands, boyfriends, parents, employers, their financial situation, etc. I
> think they have that right to do whatever they want so far as it doesn't
> more greatly impact another person's freedom and rights. However, at some
> point, that fetus is a baby, a human, and has rights too. To ignore that
> fact is ignorant.
>
> So it is a complex issue. I simply do not agree with the stance that the
> moment a sperm hits an egg it is a person. This is a belief, not a fact, and
> I don't think it has any basis in law or science, nor should be an opinion
> forced on all people to accept. But at some point a fertilized egg may
> develop in a baby, and at that point it has rights too and those rights need
> and deserve attention.
>
> I am also very concerned about women being forced to have abortions. This
> isn't often talked about but I think many women have abortions because of
> pressures and circumstances they are not given the ability to legally deal
> with.
>
> The governments role and focus should be to reduce abortions through the
> prevention of unwanted pregnancies and the expansion of women rights so they
> have opportunities to have and raise a baby without getting a social
> demotion while doing so.
>
> If fat, old, balding, conservative white rich men could get pregnant
> abortion would be free, legal, and a tax credit.
>
> Donovan J. Arnold
>
> From: Scott Dredge <scooterd408 at hotmail.com>
> To: donovanjarnold2005 at yahoo.com; debismith at moscow.com; ngier006 at gmail.com;
> lfalen at turbonet.com
> Cc: viz <vision2020 at moscow.com>
> Sent: Friday, August 24, 2012 11:01 PM
> Subject: RE: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
> OK - I'll keep expanding the line of questioning if you think I'm being too
> restrictive on your response choices.
>
> 'Do you believe that the government has the right to force a woman to carry
> her pregnancy to term against her will?'
>
> 1) Yes
> 2) No
> 3) Maybe - in cases of [insert scenario(s) of when government should
> intervene, method(s) of intervention, punishment to the woman for
> terminating her unwanted pregnancy, punishment to the doctor for terminating
> the woman's pregnancy at her behest]
>
> 'Do you believe that the government has the right to force you to carry a
> pregnancy to term against your will?'
>
> 1) Yes
> 2) No
> 3) Maybe- in cases of [insert scenario(s) of when government should
> intervene, method(s) of intervention, punishment to you for terminating your
> unwanted pregnancy, punishment to your doctor for terminating your pregnancy
> at your behest]
> 3) Not Applicable
>
> -Scott
>
> Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 22:15:50 -0700
> From: donovanjarnold2005 at yahoo.com
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
> To: scooterd408 at hotmail.com; debismith at moscow.com; ngier006 at gmail.com;
> lfalen at turbonet.com
> CC: vision2020 at moscow.com
>
> Scott,
>
> I think your question is a false dilemma.
>
> Donovan J. Arnold
>
> From: Scott Dredge <scooterd408 at hotmail.com>
> To: donovanjarnold2005 at yahoo.com; debismith at moscow.com; ngier006 at gmail.com;
> lfalen at turbonet.com
> Cc: viz <vision2020 at moscow.com>
> Sent: Friday, August 24, 2012 9:19 PM
> Subject: RE: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
> Donovan,
>
> I think the answer is a simple one if the question is properly asked: 'Do
> you believe that the government has the right to force you to carry a
> pregnancy to term against your will?'
>
> 1) Yes
> 2) No
> 3) Not Applicable
>
> -Scott
>
> Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 02:26:11 -0700
> From: donovanjarnold2005 at yahoo.com
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
> To: scooterd408 at hotmail.com; debismith at moscow.com; ngier006 at gmail.com;
> lfalen at turbonet.com
> CC: vision2020 at moscow.com
>
> Scott,
>
> I agree with what you say here with the exception of abortion. This is an
> instance where I do see someone that honestly believes babies are being
> killed wanting a legal end to it. I don't disagree that killing babies is
> wrong, or horrific, I just disagree that a fertilized egg is a baby. So to
> me, ending the life an egg and sperm is not murder, only the slaughter of a
> being with a formed, functioning human brain can be murder in my opinion.
>
> If infanticide was legal in this country, I would wish the law to be changed
> and strictly enforced to keep innocent babies and infants alive. And since
> many people do see abortion as infanticide, I agree with them to that end
> even if it imposed a restriction on the freedoms of others because murder is
> the greatest restriction of liberty there is.
>
> On other issues, of freedom, such as religion, marriage, how to live your
> life, you are absolutely right about their demands to incorporate their
> religion on all people with the force of law, they are wrong, and it is
> anti-American, and anti-Christian. America is about being free. Christianity
> is about being free to choose and accept Christ, not about forcing
> Judeo-Christian laws on people. This often just drives people away from
> liking the United States and Christianity.
>
> Donovan J. Arnold
>
>
> From: Scott Dredge <scooterd408 at hotmail.com>
> To: debismith at moscow.com; ngier006 at gmail.com; lfalen at turbonet.com
> Cc: viz <vision2020 at moscow.com>
> Sent: Thursday, August 23, 2012 8:49 PM
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
> The religious right have controlling personalities. They not only want to
> preach about how people 'should live their personal lives according to God's
> wisdom', but they also want to force you to live that way by physically
> restricting your access to birth control, to emergency contraception, to
> abortion. I haven't checked Doug Wilson's blog lately, but I'm guessing
> he's thrilled that such 'men' like Paul Ryan and Todd Akin are fighting
> tooth and nail to enshrine God's law into the law of the land.
>
> -Scott
>
> From: debismith at moscow.com
> To: ngier006 at gmail.com; lfalen at turbonet.com
> Date: Fri, 24 Aug 2012 20:29:11 -0500
> CC: vision2020 at moscow.com
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
> Thanks, Nick. Cogent, as usual....too bad the religious right can put their
> hands over their eyes and ignore it....
> Debi R-S
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: Nicholas Gier
> To: lfalen
> Cc: vision2020
> Sent: Thursday, August 23, 2012 1:30 PM
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
>
> How the Body Reacts to Sexual Assault
>
> Dana Goldstein on August 20, 2012 The Nation
> Embattled US Senate candidate Todd Akin claimed yesterday that “legitimate
> rape” somehow turns off the female body’s reproductive capabilities. As I
> demonstrate below, that is absurd. But it is important to note that Akin’s
> ideology is part of a broader set of misconceptions about how the body
> reacts to sexual assault.
> There’s nothing new about the idea that vaginal lubrication, orgasm and
> pregnancy can occur only after a wanted sexual encounter. None of this is
> true. A 2004 paper from the Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicineaddresses
> some of these misconceptions. The authors, Roy Levin and Willy van Berlo,
> considered reports from doctors, nurses and therapists who work with rape
> survivors. Many of the clinicians had experienced distraught victims’ asking
> why they felt lubrication or even orgasm during rape.
> One British nurse-therapist reported the following:
> “Approximately 1 in 20 women who come to the clinic for treatment because of
> sexual abuse report that they have had an orgasm from previous unsolicited
> sexual arousal. It is not detailed in the [professional] literature because
> the victims usually do not want to tell/talk about it because they feel
> guilty, as people will think that if it happened they must have enjoyed it.
> The victims often say, ‘My body let me down.’ Some, however, cannot summon
> the courage to say even that.”
> Heartbreaking. Levin and van Berlo found that victims report evidence of
> physical arousal in as many as 21 percent of rape cases, even when they also
> report violence and high levels of fear and mental distress. Why? The
> researchers note that many rapes are comitted by acquaintances or romantic
> partners of the victims; initial familiarity or even attraction might be
> supplanted by terror as an encounter becomes coercive. This is relevant, I
> think, to the charges against Julian Assange, who is accused of sexual
> assault for refusing to wear a condom with female partners who had earlier
> consented to sex. If that occured, it is still rape: physical force was used
> to violate the initial, consensual terms of the encounter.
> Then there is the simple fact, obvious to most women, that the vagina can
> become lubricated during sex as a defense mechanism against tearing and
> pain, regardless of one’s level of enthusiasm or emotional buy-in.
> And it isn’t just women who can experience these confusing sensations. In
> men, Levin and van Berlo actually found some links between “anxiety-inducing
> threats” and increased blood flood flow to the penis.
> All of this is really hard to write and talk about it, because it exists in
> the murky area between what we desire and what we fear. Yes, force can
> provoke arousal, but that doesn’t condone the non-consensualuse of force.
> The authors conclude:
> “A perpertrator’s defence against the alleged assault built solely on the
> evidence that genital arousal or orgasm in the victim proves consent has no
> intrinsic validity and should be disregarded.”
> One of the many problems with Romney/Ryan-like rape exceptions to broad
> abortion bans is that they encourage anti-choicers to draw a thousand false
> distinctions between worthy and less worthy rape victims, which is what Akin
> was really attempting to do. What he cares about is saving as many fetuses
> as possible, regardless of what calamity befell the women forced to bear
> them. For example, if you were raped by an ex-husband or ex-boyfriend, is
> your fetus as unwanted as that of a woman raped by a stranger? If you were
> raped by a man with whom you were drinking, do you deserve that free pass
> abortion? Non-consensual sex is non-consensual sex. It exerts unwanted
> control over a woman’s body—as does forced pregnancy.
>
> On Wed, Aug 22, 2012 at 5:53 PM, lfalen <lfalen at turbonet.com> wrote:
>
> Nick
> Most social issues are not hot button items for me. I am more interested in
> economic issues. In general though, I favor more freedom for the individual
> and less interference by the government. I am nether strongly pro-choice or
> pro-life, but tend to be closer to the pro-life position. Abortion should
> not be used as a form of birth control. In extremely rare surrmonstances
> such as the life of the mother, her life should dominate. I think that some
> of the positions of some democrats such as partial term abortions and
> allowing a baby that survived aan attempted abortion is much more extreme.
> Fortunately that is a minority opinion even for democrats.
>
> I am not aware of the legislation you mentioned, but I doubt that there is
> any such thing as justifiable rape.
> Roger
> -----Original message-----
> From: Nicholas Gier ngier006 at gmail.com
> Date: Wed, 22 Aug 2012 10:26:45 -0700
> To: lfalen lfalen at turbonet.com
> Subject: Re: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>
>> Hi Roger,
>>
>> Where do you stand on the extreme, no exceptions GOP plank on abortion?
>> As
>> a local GOP leader you should tell us what you believe.
>>
>> And do you support Ryan after he teamed up with Akin in proposing a bill
>> with "justifiable rape" in it, which is what Akin said he meant when he
>> said "legitimate rape." Fortunately the language was rejected. Ryan and
>> Akin are two peas in a pod with regard to social issues.
>>
>> Inquiring mind wish to know.
>>
>> Nick
>>
>> On Wed, Aug 22, 2012 at 10:12 AM, lfalen <lfalen at turbonet.com> wrote:
>>
>> > The Republicans want him to drop out. His opponent wants him to stay
>> > in.
>> > Apparently both sides think he will be easy to beat. The rumor has it
>> > that
>> > Mccaskill's backers funneled a lot of money into his campaign in the
>> > primary.
>> > Roger
>> > -----Original message-----
>> > From: Art Deco art.deco.studios at gmail.com
>> > Date: Wed, 22 Aug 2012 06:11:15 -0700
>> > To: vision2020 at moscow.com
>> > Subject: [Vision2020] The GOP War On Women Accelerates
>> >
>> > > V
>> > > [image: The New York Times] <http://www.nytimes.com/>
>> > >
>> > > <
>> >
>> > http://www.nytimes.com/adx/bin/adx_click.html?type=goto&opzn&page=wwwnytimes.com/printer-friendly&pos=Position1&sn2=336c557e/4f3dd5d2&sn1=a36510e4/68ad5fe5&camp=FSL2012_ArticleTools_120x60_1787508c_nyt5&ad=RubySparks_120x60_June25_NoText&goto=http://www.foxsearchlight.com/rubysparks
>> > >
>> > >
>> > > ------------------------------
>> > > August 21, 2012
>> > > Akin Controversy Stirs Up Abortion Issue in Campaign By JENNIFER
>> > > STEINHAUER<
>> >
>> > http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/jennifer_steinhauer/index.html
>> > >
>> > >
>> > > WASHINGTON — As an orator, Representative Todd
>> > > Akin<ttp://
>> >
>> > topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/todd_akin/index.html?inline=nyt-per
>> > >of
>> > > Missouri may stand out for his clumsiness. But as a legislator, Mr.
>> > > Akin
>> > > has a record on abortion that is largely indistinguishable from those
>> > > of
>> > > most of his Republican House colleagues, who have viewed restricting
>> > > abortion rights as one of their top priorities.
>> > >
>> > > That agenda — largely eclipsed for two years by a protracted fiscal
>> > crisis
>> > > and the fight over how to manage the federal deficit — has wedged its
>> > way,
>> > > for now at least, to the center of the 2012 campaign. It is focusing
>> > > attention on an issue that helped earn Mitt
>> > > Romney<
>> >
>> > http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/primaries/candidates/mitt-romney?inline=nyt-per
>> > >,
>> > > the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, a reputation as a
>> > > flip-flopper, threatening the Republican quest for control of the
>> > > Senate,
>> > > and leaving Representative Paul D.
>> > > Ryan<
>> > http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/candidates/paul-ryan?inline=nyt-per>of
>> > > Wisconsin, Mr. Romney’s vice-presidential pick, in the uncomfortable
>> > > position of distinguishing himself from Mr. Akin, with whom he has
>> > > often
>> > > concurred.
>> > >
>> > > It is an agenda that has enjoyed the support of House leaders,
>> > > including
>> > > Speaker John A. Boehner and Representative Eric Cantor, the majority
>> > > leader, who has called anti-abortion measures “obviously very
>> > > important
>> > in
>> > > terms of the priorities we set out initially in our pledge to
>> > > America.”
>> > It
>> > > became inextricably linked to the near-shutdown of the federal
>> > > government
>> > > last year when an agreement to keep the government open was reached
>> > > only
>> > > after it was linked to a measure restricting abortion in the District
>> > > of
>> > > Columbia.
>> > >
>> > > Even as Congressional Republicans, including Mr. Boehner, denounced
>> > > Mr.
>> > > Akin’s remark that victims of “legitimate rape” were able to somehow
>> > > prevent pregnancy, an agenda to roll back abortion is one that House
>> > > Republicans have largely moved in step with.
>> > >
>> > > In an anti-abortion measure once sponsored by Mr. Akin, Mr. Ryan and
>> > scores
>> > > of other Republican lawmakers, an exemption was made for victims of
>> > > “forcible” rape, though that word was later removed.
>> > >
>> > > *On Tuesday, Republicans approved platform language for next week’s
>> > > nominating convention that calls for a constitutional amendment
>> > > outlawing
>> > > abortion with no explicit exceptions for cases of rape or incest. That
>> > is a
>> > > view more restrictive than Mr. Romney’s, who has said that he supports
>> > > exceptions to allow abortions in cases of rape. *
>> > >
>> > > * *Mr. Ryan’s more conservative views, which have been reflected in
>> > > votes
>> > > that would restrict family planning financing overseas, cut off all
>> > federal
>> > > funds to Planned Parenthood and repeal President Obama’s health care
>> > > law<
>> >
>> > http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/health_insurance_and_managed_care/health_care_reform/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier
>> > >,
>> > > have come into sharp relief as Mr. Akin struggles for his political
>> > > life.
>> > > Mr. Akin and Mr. Ryan each have voted in this Congress for 10
>> > > abortion-restricting measures as well as those that limited other
>> > > family
>> > > planning services.
>> > >
>> > > Both Mr. Ryan and Mr. Romney have earned praise for their positions
>> > > from
>> > > the National Right to Life group and other anti-abortion
>> > > organizations.
>> > > “The right-to-life Romney/Ryan ticket is now complete,” wrote Barbara
>> > Lyons
>> > > and Sue Armacost, executive director and legislative director for
>> > Wisconsin
>> > > Right to Life, on the organization’s Web site.
>> > >
>> > > It is a legislative theme Democrats plan to highlight, even as House
>> > > Republicans try to keep the focus on economic issues.
>> > >
>> > > “All you need to know is that the House Republicans were willing to
>> > > shut
>> > > down the government rather than fund Planned Parenthood,” said
>> > > Representative Nancy Pelosi, the House Democratic leader, in an e-mail
>> > > on
>> > > Tuesday. “This is in keeping with their efforts — whether it’s
>> > Congressman
>> > > Akin or Chairman Ryan or others — to deny investments in critical
>> > > women’s
>> > > health services, weaken the definition of rape, and take away access
>> > > to
>> > > preventive care like cervical and breast cancer screenings.”
>> > >
>> > > The House Republican agenda has troubled the half-dozen or so
>> > > Republican
>> > > House members whose views differ from those of their colleagues.
>> > >
>> > > “I have time and again spoken out against this to leadership,” said
>> > > Representative Robert Dold of Illinois, who is in a tough re-election
>> > > battle. “I’ve tried to talk to them about the issues that we ought to
>> > > be
>> > > moving forward on, like out-of-control spending.”
>> > >
>> > > Mr. Dold has voted in favor of half of the abortion restriction
>> > > measures
>> > in
>> > > this Congress, far fewer than most of his colleagues. “There is no
>> > question
>> > > that there are times when I may disagree with a vote that’s brought to
>> > the
>> > > floor,” he said in an interview, “and the majority of my Republican
>> > > colleagues, but that is just part of what we deal with every day.”
>> > >
>> > > There have long been lawmakers, like Mr. Akin, whose main legislative
>> > > agenda centers on the abortion issue. They got a boost after the 2010
>> > > election when a large group of conservative members joined them.
>> > >
>> > > Mr. Romney’s views align with that of the Mormon Church, which opposes
>> > > abortion except in cases of rape and incest or when the life of the
>> > > woman
>> > > is in danger. He has said he is personally opposed to abortion; as a
>> > Mormon
>> > > bishop in the 1980s he attempted to talk a congregant out of
>> > > terminating
>> > a
>> > > pregnancy after doctors advised her to do so because of a potentially
>> > > lethal blood clot.
>> > >
>> > > But abortion has proved to be a politically volatile topic for Mr.
>> > Romney,
>> > > whose evolving views have disappointed liberals and stirred distrust
>> > among
>> > > conservatives.
>> > >
>> > > In 1994, when he challenged Senator Edward M. Kennedy, Mr. Romney said
>> > > he
>> > > would “not force our beliefs on others on that matter.” In 2002, as a
>> > > candidate for governor, he claimed to support “the substance” of Roe
>> > > v.
>> > > Wade. By 2005, though, when he was beginning to consider a
>> > > presidential
>> > > run, he had reversed course and described himself as a “pro-life
>> > > governor
>> > > in a pro-choice state.” Now, as a presidential candidate, he refers to
>> > > himself as solidly “pro-life.”
>> > >
>> > > Aides to Mr. Romney declined to say on Tuesday whether he would call
>> > > on
>> > the
>> > > convention delegates to reconsider their position on abortion.
>> > >
>> > > Reince Priebus, the chairman of the Republican National Committee,
>> > > tried
>> > to
>> > > deflect questions on behalf of Mr. Romney, saying on Fox News that
>> > > “this
>> > is
>> > > the platform of the Republican
>> > > Party<
>> >
>> > http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/r/republican_party/index.html?inline=nyt-org
>> > >;
>> > > it is not the platform of Mitt Romney.”
>> > >
>> > > The idea of outlawing any exceptions for abortion is not new in
>> > > American
>> > > political discourse or in legislation, nor are proposals to narrow the
>> > > definition of rape to distinguish between what some call “forcible
>> > > rape”
>> > > and cases involving statutory rape or even some types of date rape.
>> > > Anti-abortion activists have long been concerned that women would
>> > > falsely
>> > > claim to have been raped to gain an exemption to terminate a
>> > > pregnancy.
>> > >
>> > > Historians and other experts on abortion politics say the
>> > > no-exceptions
>> > > idea became part of the debate virtually as soon as Roe v. Wade
>> > > legalized
>> > > abortion in 1973. “It has deep roots,” said Donald Critchlow, a
>> > > historian
>> > > at Arizona State University who has studied abortion politics. He
>> > > added,
>> > > “It’s appealing to segments within the Republican Party to show that
>> > you’re
>> > > pro-life.”
>> > >
>> > > Susan Cohen, director of government affairs for the Guttmacher
>> > Institute, a
>> > > research group in Washington that supports abortion rights, said the
>> > > no-exceptions idea is “not new and it’s not fringe.”
>> > >
>> > > “It is something that has been part of mainstream anti-abortion
>> > movement,”
>> > > she said. “The record is replete with evidence of the fact that there
>> > > was
>> > > this no-exceptions attitude, and of course this makes logical sense
>> > > from
>> > > the perspective of people who believe an embryo should have the same
>> > legal
>> > > status as you and I do.”
>> > >
>> > > In the 1992 election, the Republican Party included in its platform
>> > > language opposing abortion, allowing no exceptions and calling for a
>> > > constitutional amendment to make abortion illegal. Similar language
>> > > opposing any exceptions was included in 2000 and 2004, even though
>> > > George
>> > > W. Bush also supported outlawing abortion except in cases of rape,
>> > incest,
>> > > or when the life of the woman was in danger.
>> > >
>> > > Four years ago, the Republican Party adopted a platform seeking an
>> > > unconditional ban on abortion, though its nominee, Senator John
>> > > McCain,
>> > had
>> > > urged the party in the past to allow certain exceptions. After this
>> > year’s
>> > > abortion plank language was approved with little debate, the chairman
>> > > of
>> > > the platform committee, Gov. Bob McDonnell of Virginia, praised the
>> > > committee for “affirming our respect for human life.”
>> > >
>> > > Pam Belluck and Michael Cooper contributed reporting from New York.
>> > >
>> > > --
>> > > Art Deco (Wayne A. Fox)
>> > > art.deco.studios at gmail.com
>> > >
>> > >
>> >
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